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Urinary System > Glomerular Filtration > Flashcards

Glomerular Filtration Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 different types of nephrons

A
  • cortical

- juxtamedullary

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2
Q

describe cortical nephrons

A

shorter loop of henle which only just penetrates medulla

covered by peritubular capillaries

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3
Q

describe juxtamedullary nephrons

A

longer loop of henle penetrating deep into the medulla

has peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

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4
Q

what is the vasa recta

A

straight blood vessels running parallel to the loop of henle in juxtamedullary nephrons

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5
Q

which type of nephron has sympathetic innervation

A

cortical

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6
Q

which type of nephron has a high renin concentration

A

cortical

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7
Q

what makes filtration selective

A

the filtration barrier

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8
Q

what makes up the filtration barrier in the glomerulus

A
  • capillary endothelium
  • basement membrane
  • podocytes
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9
Q

how do particles filter through the capillary endothelium in the glomerulus

A

only small particles can pass through the fenestrations in the capillary walls

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10
Q

how does the basement membrane stop some particles from being filtered in the glomerulus

A

the basement membrane is made up of glycoproteins, making it negatively charged, therefore it will repel negatively charged substances (including proteins)

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11
Q

how do substances filter through podocytes in the glomerulus

A

they must be small enough to pass through the filtration slits set up by the projections of the podocytes

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12
Q

true or false: negatively charged ions filter through the glomerulus easier than positively charged ions

A

false - negatively charged substances are repelled by the basement membrane, whereas positively charged substances are attracted

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13
Q

what % of blood flowing through the afferent arteriole is filtered though the nephron

A

20%

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14
Q

where abouts in the kidney is the nephron found

A

in the cortex

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15
Q

what are the 3 pressures affecting filtration in the glomerulus

A
  1. hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus
  2. hydrostatic pressure of the capsule
  3. oncotic pressure in the glomerulus
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16
Q

how is the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus produced

A

through cardiovascular output

also as the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole this creates a pressure difference

17
Q

how is the oncotic pressure in the glomerulus set up

A

as proteins can’t filter through, they are stuck in the glomerulus and so draw water across and back into the glomerulus

18
Q

what is the net pressure for fluid movement

A

10 mm out of the glomerulus

19
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms for autoregulation

A
  • myogenic
  • tubuloglomerular feedback
  • tubuloglomerular balence
  • sympathetic NS
20
Q

what detect changes in pressure in myogenic regulation

A

stretch receptors in the smooth muscle of the blood vessels

21
Q

what is the myogenic regulation to an increase in pressure/GFR

A

they cause the constriction of the afferent arteriole, limiting the amount of fluid entering the glomerulus, so less is filtering, lowering the GFR

22
Q

what is the myogenic regulation to an decrease in pressure/GFR

A

they cause dilation of the afferent arteriole, increasing the amount of fluid entering the glomerulus, so more is being filtered, increasing the GFR

23
Q

how would happen if both the afferent and efferent articles dilated

A

there would be no GFR, as this takes away the pressure difference between the AA and AE, so blood would flow straight through, without being filtered

24
Q

what cells detect pressure change in tubuloglomerular feedback

A

macula densa cells in the DCT

25
Q

how do the macula densa cells detect a change in GFR/pressure

A

by detecting a change in sodium chloride levels

26
Q

if sodium chloride levels had increased in the DCT what does that mean happened to the GFR/pressure

A

it had increased to give an increased in chloride

27
Q

what transporters allow the macula densa cells to detect an include in sodium chloride levels

A

NaKCC co-transporters on the apical membrane

28
Q

what happens in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism if a high GFR/pressure is detected

A

adenosine is released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus

29
Q

how does adenosine work to combat a high GFR

A

it bind to A1 receptors on the afferent arteriole to constrict it and binds to A2 receptors on the efferent arteriole to dilate it

30
Q

what happens in the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism if a low GFR is detected

A

prostaglandins are released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus to cause dilation of the afferent arteriole

31
Q

when is the sympathetic NS involved in auto regulation

A

during haemorrhage, to constrict blood vessels and reduce blood loss

Urinary System (12 decks)

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