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Urinary System > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of bladder cancer

A

Transitional cell carcinomas

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2
Q

What is the least common type of bladder cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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3
Q

What are the causes of squamous cell carcinomas in the bladder

A

Irritation of the bladder:

  • schistosomiasis
  • Neurogenic bladder
  • recurrent UTIs
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4
Q

What type of cancer is prostate cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

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5
Q

Which area of the prostrate is most commonly affected by cancer

A

Peripheral zone

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6
Q

How would a prostate cancer feel different to BPH

A

Prostrate is nodular whereas BPH is smooth

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7
Q

What areas of the prostate are affected by cancer and BPH

A 
Cancer = peripheral 
BPH = transitional
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8
Q

What are the risk factors for prostrate cancer

A

BRAC2 gene mutation
Age
Family history
Ethnicity

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9
Q

What can cause an increase in PSA

A 
Prostrate cancer 
Infection 
Inflammation 
Large prostrate 
Urinary retention
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10
Q

What is the presentation of prostrate cancer

A

Urinary symptoms - due to tumour compressing the urethra
Bone pain - spreads to bone and has osteoblastic effects
Change in bowel habits

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11
Q

How is prostate cancer diagnosed

A
  • DRE
  • PSA
  • biopsy
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12
Q

What grading system is used for prostate cancer

A

Gleason Grading system

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13
Q

What is the treatment for prostrate cancer

A

Removal of prostrate gland
Radioactive iodine
Hormones e.g. LHRH agonists

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14
Q

What are the side effects of removal of the prostate gland

A

Erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence and UTIs

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15
Q

Where can transitional cell carcinomas occur

A

Anywhere lined by transitional epithelia - renal pelvis, calices, ureter, bladder and urethra

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16
Q

What is the presentation of transitional cell carcinoma

A

Haematuria, Lymphoedema, hydronephrosis (if obstruction causes a collection of fluid in the kidneys)

17
Q

How does hydronephrosis look

A

Swelling of kidneys/pelvis/spaced out calices

Smooth edges of kidneys

18
Q

What are the risk factors of transitional cell carcinoma

A

Smoking

Occupational exposure - rubber, plastic, crude oil, dyes

19
Q

What is the treatment for TCC

A 
Cut out tumour 
Intravescial chemo
Immunotherapy using antibodies 
Removal of bladder 
Systemic chemo if malignant
20
Q

What is the treatment for TCC in the upper urinary tract

A

Removal of kidney, ureter and cuff of bladder as there can be local spread as they are all lined by transitional epithelia

21
Q

Where does RCC occur

A

In the parenchyma/PCTs o the kidney

22
Q

What is the presentation of RCCs

A

Haematuria, palpable mass, varicocoele, PE, weight loss

23
Q

What is seen histologically in RCC

A

Clear cells full of glycogen

24
Q

What are the risk factors for RCC

A

Smoking
Obesity
Dialysis

25
Q

Where do RCCs spread

A

Regional lymph nodes
Elsewhere in the kidney
Through the IVC to the right atrium

Urinary System (12 decks)

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