Cancer Flashcards
What is the most common type of bladder cancer
Transitional cell carcinomas
What is the least common type of bladder cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
What are the causes of squamous cell carcinomas in the bladder
Irritation of the bladder:
- schistosomiasis
- Neurogenic bladder
- recurrent UTIs
What type of cancer is prostate cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Which area of the prostrate is most commonly affected by cancer
Peripheral zone
How would a prostate cancer feel different to BPH
Prostrate is nodular whereas BPH is smooth
What areas of the prostate are affected by cancer and BPH
Cancer = peripheral BPH = transitional
What are the risk factors for prostrate cancer
BRAC2 gene mutation
Age
Family history
Ethnicity
What can cause an increase in PSA
Prostrate cancer Infection Inflammation Large prostrate Urinary retention
What is the presentation of prostrate cancer
Urinary symptoms - due to tumour compressing the urethra
Bone pain - spreads to bone and has osteoblastic effects
Change in bowel habits
How is prostate cancer diagnosed
- DRE
- PSA
- biopsy
What grading system is used for prostate cancer
Gleason Grading system
What is the treatment for prostrate cancer
Removal of prostrate gland
Radioactive iodine
Hormones e.g. LHRH agonists
What are the side effects of removal of the prostate gland
Erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence and UTIs
Where can transitional cell carcinomas occur
Anywhere lined by transitional epithelia - renal pelvis, calices, ureter, bladder and urethra
What is the presentation of transitional cell carcinoma
Haematuria, Lymphoedema, hydronephrosis (if obstruction causes a collection of fluid in the kidneys)
How does hydronephrosis look
Swelling of kidneys/pelvis/spaced out calices
Smooth edges of kidneys
What are the risk factors of transitional cell carcinoma
Smoking
Occupational exposure - rubber, plastic, crude oil, dyes
What is the treatment for TCC
Cut out tumour Intravescial chemo Immunotherapy using antibodies Removal of bladder Systemic chemo if malignant
What is the treatment for TCC in the upper urinary tract
Removal of kidney, ureter and cuff of bladder as there can be local spread as they are all lined by transitional epithelia
Where does RCC occur
In the parenchyma/PCTs o the kidney
What is the presentation of RCCs
Haematuria, palpable mass, varicocoele, PE, weight loss
What is seen histologically in RCC
Clear cells full of glycogen
What are the risk factors for RCC
Smoking
Obesity
Dialysis
Where do RCCs spread
Regional lymph nodes
Elsewhere in the kidney
Through the IVC to the right atrium
