infections Flashcards
what is an infection
when you become unwell due to a bad organism, can be chronic or acute
what are acute infections
short lived
what are the phases of acute infection
- incubation- pathogen is replicating, no signs or symptoms
- prodrome- initiation of signs and symptoms specific to the infection
- illness- period of significant signs and symptoms specific to infection
- decline- decline in signs and symptoms as elimination of pathogen enhances
- convalescence/ resolution- signs and symptoms disappear, infection has been contained and eliminated
what is the incubation stage of infection (stage 1)
- pathogen replication
- no signs and symptoms
what is the prodrome stage of infection (stage 2)
- initiation of signs and symptoms (if any)
- ongoing replication of the pathogen
what is the illness stage of infection (stage 3)
- peak of signs and symptoms- more severe and specific
- immune responses amping up and starting their attack (immune response matching the pathogen load)
what is the decline stage of infection (stage 4)
- decline in signs and symptoms
- pathogen elimination is occurring
what is the convalescence resolution stage of infection (stage 5)
- signs and symptoms disappear
- infection contained/ pathogen eliminated
what are signs and symptoms of infection
- fever
- fatigue
- inflammation
- aches and pains
- redness
- puss
- malaise
- decreased concentration
- decreased appetite
what are the types of disease transmission
- contact
2 common vehicle - vector
what is contact transmission
- droplet- expelled aerosols (sneezing, coughing, talking)
- vertical- placenta to baby (labour, breastfeeding)
- direct- direct contact with organism (skin to skin, sexual, oral, animal bite)
- indirect- the organism is on a non living surface that is touched (doorknob)
what is common vehicle transmission
- food
- water
- air
what is vector transmission
- insects
- organisms that carry a pathogen without themselves being infected
what are kinds of infection prevention (microbe control)
- sterilisation- eliminates microbes by heat, chemicals etc
- disinfection- reduce the number of microbes by wipes, spray etc
- antisepsis- materials used on living tissue to reduce the number of microbes
- avoidance- distancing, isolation, PPE
- vaccine- expose the body to a foreign antigen in a controlled way. the three types are
- live attenuated- live but weakened pathogen
- inactivated- inactive/ dead pathogen
- subunit- piece of the pathogen or genetic material - antimicrobials- drugs to treat infection
tuberculosis
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
- slow growing bacteria that produces a waxy coat
- macrophages ingest the bacteria but can not destroy the bacteria because of the waxy coat
- macrophages form fibrous tubercules that hold onto the bacteria which becomes dormant
- Can reactivate and when it does it causes TB disease instead of an infection
- T-cells become reactivates and attack and destroy lung tissue which causes problems
how is tuberculosis transmitted
- via droplet transmission
where is the infection from tuberculosis
- can occur anywhere in the body but particularly in the lungs
what are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis
- fever
- night sweats
- decreased appetite
- weight loss
- cough
- coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
what is the treatment for tuberculosis
- multiple antibiotics
- Tb vaccine
what is viral hepatitis
- when the inflammation on the liver occurs to a virus
- has types A, B, C, D and E-
- A, B and C are the most common
how is hepatitis transmitted
- type A- faecal contamination (acute)
- type B/C- direct contact, vertical (acute or chronic)
what is the infection of hepatitis
- inflammation of the liver
- can progress to damaging liver cells
- lead to acute or chronic liver failure
what are signs and symptoms of hepatitis
- general initially
- fatigue
- jaundice
- dark urine
- light stools
- liver enlargement
how can you prevent hepatitis
- hep A and B vaccine
what is the treatment for hepatitis
- anti virals
how is HPV (human papillomavirus) transmitted
direct contact (skin to skin or sexual)
what is the infection of HPV
- infected epithelial cells
- warts and lesions
- cancer (particularly cervix)- HPV 16 and 18 can cause this
what is the treatment of HPV
- HPV injection
- wart removal
