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patho test 1 > infections > Flashcards

infections Flashcards

1
Q

what is an infection

A

when you become unwell due to a bad organism, can be chronic or acute

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2
Q

what are acute infections

A

short lived

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3
Q

what are the phases of acute infection

A
  1. incubation- pathogen is replicating, no signs or symptoms
  2. prodrome- initiation of signs and symptoms specific to the infection
  3. illness- period of significant signs and symptoms specific to infection
  4. decline- decline in signs and symptoms as elimination of pathogen enhances
  5. convalescence/ resolution- signs and symptoms disappear, infection has been contained and eliminated
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4
Q

what is the incubation stage of infection (stage 1)

A
  • pathogen replication

- no signs and symptoms

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5
Q

what is the prodrome stage of infection (stage 2)

A
  • initiation of signs and symptoms (if any)

- ongoing replication of the pathogen

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6
Q

what is the illness stage of infection (stage 3)

A
  • peak of signs and symptoms- more severe and specific

- immune responses amping up and starting their attack (immune response matching the pathogen load)

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7
Q

what is the decline stage of infection (stage 4)

A
  • decline in signs and symptoms

- pathogen elimination is occurring

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8
Q

what is the convalescence resolution stage of infection (stage 5)

A
  • signs and symptoms disappear

- infection contained/ pathogen eliminated

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9
Q

what are signs and symptoms of infection

A
  • fever
  • fatigue
  • inflammation
  • aches and pains
  • redness
  • puss
  • malaise
  • decreased concentration
  • decreased appetite
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10
Q

what are the types of disease transmission

A
  1. contact
    2 common vehicle
  2. vector
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11
Q

what is contact transmission

A
  1. droplet- expelled aerosols (sneezing, coughing, talking)
  2. vertical- placenta to baby (labour, breastfeeding)
  3. direct- direct contact with organism (skin to skin, sexual, oral, animal bite)
  4. indirect- the organism is on a non living surface that is touched (doorknob)
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12
Q

what is common vehicle transmission

A
  1. food
  2. water
  3. air
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13
Q

what is vector transmission

A
  • insects

- organisms that carry a pathogen without themselves being infected

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14
Q

what are kinds of infection prevention (microbe control)

A
  1. sterilisation- eliminates microbes by heat, chemicals etc
  2. disinfection- reduce the number of microbes by wipes, spray etc
  3. antisepsis- materials used on living tissue to reduce the number of microbes
  4. avoidance- distancing, isolation, PPE
  5. vaccine- expose the body to a foreign antigen in a controlled way. the three types are
    - live attenuated- live but weakened pathogen
    - inactivated- inactive/ dead pathogen
    - subunit- piece of the pathogen or genetic material
  6. antimicrobials- drugs to treat infection
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15
Q

tuberculosis

A
  • mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • slow growing bacteria that produces a waxy coat
  • macrophages ingest the bacteria but can not destroy the bacteria because of the waxy coat
  • macrophages form fibrous tubercules that hold onto the bacteria which becomes dormant
  • Can reactivate and when it does it causes TB disease instead of an infection
  • T-cells become reactivates and attack and destroy lung tissue which causes problems
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16
Q

how is tuberculosis transmitted

A
  • via droplet transmission
17
Q

where is the infection from tuberculosis

A
  • can occur anywhere in the body but particularly in the lungs
18
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of tuberculosis

A
  • fever
  • night sweats
  • decreased appetite
  • weight loss
  • cough
  • coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
19
Q

what is the treatment for tuberculosis

A
  • multiple antibiotics

- Tb vaccine

20
Q

what is viral hepatitis

A
  • when the inflammation on the liver occurs to a virus
  • has types A, B, C, D and E-
  • A, B and C are the most common
21
Q

how is hepatitis transmitted

A
  • type A- faecal contamination (acute)

- type B/C- direct contact, vertical (acute or chronic)

22
Q

what is the infection of hepatitis

A
  • inflammation of the liver
  • can progress to damaging liver cells
  • lead to acute or chronic liver failure
23
Q

what are signs and symptoms of hepatitis

A
  • general initially
  • fatigue
  • jaundice
  • dark urine
  • light stools
  • liver enlargement
24
Q

how can you prevent hepatitis

A
  • hep A and B vaccine
25
Q

what is the treatment for hepatitis

A
  • anti virals
26
Q

how is HPV (human papillomavirus) transmitted

A

direct contact (skin to skin or sexual)

27
Q

what is the infection of HPV

A
  • infected epithelial cells
  • warts and lesions
  • cancer (particularly cervix)- HPV 16 and 18 can cause this
28
Q

what is the treatment of HPV

A
  • HPV injection

- wart removal

patho test 1 (18 decks)

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