Infection disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A disease causing organism

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2
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A

Viruses cause disease by killing the cells in which they multiply

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3
Q

How do bacterial pathogens cause disease?

A

Due to the production of toxins

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4
Q

What are the modes of transmission of pathogens?

A
  • Respiratory droplets e.g. influenza, TB;
  • Faecal-oral (food and water borne) e.g. salmonella, food poisoning, polio, typhoid and cholera
  • Insect vector e.g. malaria, breaks in skin e.g. HIV through needle punctures and sexual transmission (STDs e.g. HIV)
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5
Q

How can transmission of infectious diseases be reduced?

A
  1. Work of Ignaz Semmelweiss and importance of handwashing / hygiene in hospitals
  2. Importance of sanitation and clean drinking water
  3. Kitchen hygiene and need to cook food thoroughly
  4. Use of mosquito nets and draining of mosquito breeding grounds to reduce transmission of malaria
  5. Isolation, use of face masks, use of tissues to catch sneezes etc (catch it, bin in, kill it flu campaign)
  6. Use of condoms to reduce the transmission of STDs
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6
Q

How have we lowered the percentage of deaths due to infectious diseases?

A

The discovery of antibiotics and development of vaccines

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7
Q

What is the role of the skin against disease?

A

It’s a barrier

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8
Q

What is the role of Cilia and mucous in upper respiratory tract?

A

Mucous traps microbes in airways and cilia waft the mucous up, away from lungs to throat where it is swallowed.

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9
Q

What is the role of stomach acid against disease?

A

Hydrochloric acid in our stomach kills most microbes

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10
Q

What is the role of blood clotting at site of wound?

A

To prevent microbes getting into body

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11
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

To kill any pathogens that have got into the body

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12
Q

What do phagocytes do (some white blood cells)?

A

Engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)

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13
Q

What do lymophocytes do (white blood cells)?

A

Produce special chemicals called anti bodies that target and destroy specific pathogens or neutralise specific toxins released by pathogens

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14
Q

What happens to pathogens that white blood cells remember?

A

They will produce large amounts of the correct antibody very quickly before it can cause illness (this is the basis of immunity)

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15
Q

What does immunisation / vaccination involve?

A

Giving someone a dead or weakened form of the pathogen (in the form of an injection)

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16
Q

What does immunisation / vaccination result in?

A

The stimulation of the relevant white blood cells to produce antibodies against the pathogen without person being exposed to the actual pathogen.

17
Q

What happens if the live pathogen does enter the body that white cells remember?

A

If the white blood cell remembers it it will quickly produce large amounts of antibody to eliminate it

18
Q

Dependent variable

A

The thing that changes that you measure (blood sugar)

19
Q

Independent variable

A

The thing YOU change in the experiment (e.g. coke or diet coke)

20
Q

Control Variable

A

The thing that you keep the same to make it a fair test

21
Q

What is a discrete variable?

A

Things you count and do in whole numbers e.g. number of individuals

22
Q

What is an anomalous result?

A

A result that is very different to other repeats and is not included when calculating the mean.

23
Q

What is a categoric variable?

A

A special type of discrete variable and are described by labels like dog, cat, mouse

24
Q

What is a continuous variable?

A

Things that you measure e.g. mass, length, time and do not need to be whole numbers

25
Q

What goes in the first column of a table?

A

Independent variable (the thing YOU change)

26
Q

What goes in the second column of a table?

A

The dependant variable (the thing that changes in the experiment)

27
Q

Where do the units in the table go?

A

ONLY in the headings

28
Q

Give examples of pathogens

A

Fungi, bacteria, viruses, protoctists