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Biology > Coordination and response > Flashcards

Coordination and response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of toxic materials, waste products and excess materials in both plants and animals

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2
Q

What does homeostasis do?

A

Maintains a constant internal environment

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3
Q

What internal conditions have to be controlled?

A

Skin - Core body temperature
Kidney - Water and ion content
Lungs - CO2 content in the blood
Pancreas & Liver - Blood glucose level

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4
Q

What is normal body temperature?

A

37 degrees

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5
Q

Why must the body remain at around 37.5 degrees?

A

So that enzymes working in the body work at their optimum temperature and don’t denature

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6
Q

What happens if the body gets too cold?

A
  • Blood vessels narrow
    (vasoconstriction)
  • Less blood flows near skins
  • Hairs stand to trap insulating air
  • Shivering = rapid muscle
    contractions which creates heat
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7
Q

What happens if the body gets too hot?

A
  • Blood vessels widen (vasodilation)
  • More blood flows near skins surface
  • More heat is lost by radiation
  • More sweat produced and released
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8
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

Detects changes in the environment (stimuli) and co-ordinate a response

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9
Q

What coordinates a response so a stimulus in an animal?

A

They have receptors in their sense organs

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10
Q

What does a receptor do?

A

It’s a special type of cell that detects changes in the environment

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11
Q

What is a sense organ made up of?

A

lots of receptor cells

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12
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

change in the environment

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13
Q

What is a response?

A

A change in an organism triggered by a stimulus

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14
Q

Give 5 examples of sense organs and what they do.

A
  • Mouth/tongue - detects food chemicals
  • Eyes - detects light
  • Ears - detects vibrations (sound)
  • Nose - detects scent
  • Skin- Detects pressure, heat + pain
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15
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

The brain and spinal cord which is protected by your skeleton

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16
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Sends an electrical impulse along nerve cells (neurones) to your central nervous system

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16
Q

What is the pathway of nerve impulses?

A

Stimulus, receptors, sensory neurone, CNS, motor neurone,
effector, response

17
Q

What job does the long axon have in a nerve cell?

A

It carries messages over large distances quickly

17
Q

What job does the Myelin Sheath have in a nerve cell?

A

increases the speed electrical. impulses can travel

18
Q

What job do dendrites have in a nerve cell?

A

connects to many other neurones

19
Q

Name the 3 types of neurones

A

Sensory, motor and neurone

20
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A tiny gap between two neurones

21
Q

What is the electrical impulse converted to?

A

A chemical signal that is passed across the synapse

22
Q

How do nervous impulses travel?

A

In one direction

23
Q

Why do reflexes not require you to think about the response and are said to be involuntary/automatic?

A

To help protect the body from harm

24
Q

Why does a reflex action bypass the brain?

A

To instead pass through a relay neurone in the spinal cord to make the action faster

25
Q

What is the eye?

A

A sense organ containing receptors that detect change in light

26
Q

What is the stimulus converted into in an eye?

A

Electrical impulses that are sent to the brain to form an image

27
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The visible, white part of the eye that provides a tough and protective outer coating

28
Q

What is the Iris?

A

The coloured ring of muscular tissue that controls the size of the pupil and the amount of light hitting the retina

28
Q

What is the Cornea?

A

Curved, transparent section of the sclera in front of the eye that allows light to enter and refract it

29
Q

What is the Pupil?

A

A hole in the middle of the iris that allows light to enter

30
Q

What is the Lens?

A

A transparent disc that refracts light as it enters the eye and is able to change shape to focus on the retina

30
Q

What are Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments?

A

A ring of muscle attached to ligaments that are connected to the lens that contract and allow us to focus on objects at different distances

31
Q

What is the Retina?

A

Light sensitive layer containing the photoreceptors which initiate the nerve impulse that travels down the optic nerve to the visual centre in the brain

32
Q

What is the Optic Nerve?

A

A nerve made of bundles of sensory neurones that connects the eye to the visual centre of the brain. Electrical impulses travel along it

33
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

Rods and cones

34
Q

What do cones do?

A

Detect colour

35
Q

What do rods do?

A

Detect dim light

36
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical release from a gland

37
Q

What does homeostasis do?

A

Maintains a constant internal environment

Biology (11 decks)

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