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Biology > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What should a balanced diet include?

A

Appropriate proportions of
- carbohydrates,
- proteins,
- lipids,
- vitamins,
- minerals,
- water,
- dietary fibre

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2
Q

Name 3 sources of protein

A

Eggs
Chicken
Dairy products
Meat
Fish

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3
Q

Name 3 sources of carbohydrates

A

Bread
Pasta
Rice
Fruit
Legumes

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4
Q

Name 3 sources of lipids

A

Butter
Oil
Nuts
Avocados

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5
Q

Describe the function of vitamin A

A

Protect surface of the eye

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6
Q

Describe the function of vitamin D

A

Absorption of calcium

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7
Q

Describe the function of vitamin C

A

Sticks cells lining surface

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8
Q

Describe the function of calcium

A

Making teeth and bones

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9
Q

Describe the function of iron

A

Making haemoglobin

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10
Q

What is the deficiency of vitamin A

A

Night blindness

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11
Q

What is the deficiency of vitamin C

A

Scurvy

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12
Q

What is the deficiency of vitamin D

A

Rickets

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13
Q

What is the deficiency of calcium

A

Rickets

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14
Q

What is the deficiency of iron

A

Anaemia

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15
Q

What can vitamin A be found in?

A

Liver, butter, carrots

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16
Q

What can vitamin C be found in?

A

Fresh fruit and veg

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17
Q

What can vitamin D be found in?

A

Fish liver oils

18
Q

What can calcium be found in?

A

Dairy products, fish, bread

19
Q

What can iron be found in?

A

Red meat, green veg

20
Q

What can dietary fibre be found in?

A

Brown rice
Brown bread
Wholegrain cereal
Vegetables

21
Q

What is water used for in the body?

A

Stop dehydration and maintain fluid levels

22
Q

What is dietary fibre used for in the body?

A

Helps digestive system

23
Q

What are minerals used for in the body?

A

Help the vitamins work and maintain health

24
Q

What can a lack of certain vitamins and minerals lead to?

A

Deficiency diseases

25
Q

Why do energy requirements vary ?

A

Activity levels
Age
Gender
Pregnancy

26
Q

What is the purpose of the stomach ?

A

Stomach makes stomach acid to kill pathogens to help prevent sickness.

27
Q

Which part of the digestive system releases all three types of enzyme?

A

The small intestine releases
all three types of digestive enzyme.

28
Q

Name the process of pushing food along the digestive system.

A

Peristalsis

29
Q

What is starch digested into and how?

A

Starch is digested into glucose by amylase and maltase

30
Q

What is protein digested into and how?

A

To amino acids by proteases / pepsin

31
Q

What are lipids digested into and how?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol by lipase

32
Q

Where is bile produced and where is it stored?

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

33
Q

What are the 2 roles of bile?

A

Neutralising stomach acid (to provide the optimum pH or enzymes in the small intestines)

Emulsifying lipids (to provide a larger surface area to lipase enzymes)

34
Q

What is the process of diffusion?

A

The movement of substances from high to low concentration

35
Q

What factors affect the rate of movement of substances?

A

Surface area to volume ratio
Distance
Temperature
Concentration gradient

36
Q

What is the experiment for testing the effect of surface area to volume ratio on the rate of diffusion?

A

Purple jelly experiement

37
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption by diffusion?

A

Micro villi to increase surface area,
Thin walls (just 1 cell thick) reducing diffusion distance,
Network of capillaries and good blood supply,
Lacteal absorbs products of lipids’ digestion

38
Q

What is the experiment to show absorption by diffusion in the small intestine?

A

Model gut

39
Q

What is the process of osmosis?

A

Movement of water from an area of high water potential to an area of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane

40
Q

What is the experiment to show osmosis in a non living system?

A

Osmometer - thistle funnel

Biology (13 decks)

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