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Infection > Infection 9 Vaccines > Flashcards

Infection 9 Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Immunisation deintinon

A

Process of redoing a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease

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2
Q

Ways a person can be immunised

A

Naturally acquired - B cells
Artificially induced - vaccinations

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3
Q

Vaccination defintion

A

Process of stimulating productive captive immunity against a microbe by exposure to its not pathogenic forms (vaccine)

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4
Q

Vaccine defintion

A

Live attenuated, killed organism or microbial components (protein, modified toxins or RNA) five or prevention of infectious disease

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5
Q

How can vaccines been given as a therapy?
Example

A

A form of post exposure prophylaxis rolling exposure to a pathogen known to cause disease
e.g. HIV

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6
Q

What are the types of immunity?

A

Active - natural + artificial
Passive - natural + artificial

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7
Q

What is natural active immunity?

A

The body’s natural response to an infection
e.g. chickenpox

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8
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

Vaccinations - before exposure

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9
Q

What is natural passive immunity?

A

Antibodies transferred
e.g. mother to baby in placenta or breast milk

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10
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

Antibodies given as therapies - after exposure

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11
Q

Difference between active and assigned immuntiy

A

Active - long term protection - makes memory cells
Passive - short term protection - no memory cells

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12
Q

Types of vaccine

A

Live attenuated virus
Live attenuated bacteria
Inactivated virus
Inactivated toxin (toxoids)
Subunit/conjugate

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13
Q

Examples of live attenuated virus vaccines

A

Rotavirus
Influenza
MMR
Varicella zoster virus

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14
Q

Examples of live attenuated bacteria vaccines

A

BCG strain of mycobacterium bovis

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15
Q

Examples of inactivated virus vaccines

A

Hepatitis A
Influenza
Poliomyelitis
Rabies

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16
Q

Examples of inactivated toxin vaccines

A

Tetanus
Diphtheria

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17
Q

Examples of subunit/conjugate vaccines

A

Hepatitis B
Haemophilia influenza type B
Meningococcal
Puenomoccal

18
Q

Advantages of live vaccines

A

Single or fever doses
Good level of protection
Reproduce natural infection

19
Q

Disadvantages of live vaccines

A

Storage issues
Reversion to virulent wild viruses

20
Q

Advantages of unactivated vaccines

A

Safe
Stable
No mutation of reversion

21
Q

Why should live vaccines not be given to immunocompromised patients?

A

Due to the possibility of reversion back to the virulent wild (unsafe) virus

22
Q

Disadvantages of inactivated vaccines

A

Multiple doses + boosters needed
Less effective than live vaccines
Variable efficacy
High conc. needed

23
Q

Target population for active immunisation

A
24
Q

Routes of vaccine administration

A

Oral vaccine
Nasal spray vaccine
Injectable - deltoid
- anterolateral aspect of thigh < 1 year

25
Q

Describe the rotavirus vaccine

A

Live attenuated virus
Orally

26
Q

Describe the influenza vaccine

A

Live attenuated virus
Nasal spray

27
Q

IM vaccine meaning

A

Intramuscular

28
Q

SC vaccine meaning

A

Subcutaneous

29
Q

ID vaccine meaning

A

Intradermal

30
Q

Mechanism of active immunisation

A
31
Q

Goals of active immunity

A

Long lasting immune protection
Herd immunity

32
Q

What are the components of long lasting immune production?

A

Protective antibody - IgA, IgG
Vaccine specific T cell response
Immunological memory to allow quicker and more effective production of antibodies

33
Q

Importance of herd immunity

A
  • Reduces or abolishes circulation of athogen
  • Protect immunocompromised patients who can’t have vaccines
  • Protects the poor responders to vaccines
34
Q

Herd immunity definition

A

Indirect protection from an infectious disease that can happen when a population is immune either through vaccination or immunity developed through past infections

35
Q

Absolute contraindications of active immunisation

A

Previous serious reactions to vaccines
Anaphylaxis
Fever > 38.5°C

36
Q

Special considerations when administering vaccines

A
  • No live vaccine for pregnant women or babies whose mother had immunosuppressive biological therapy during pregnancy
  • Any allergie to egg, gelatin, antibiotics?
37
Q

Who shouldn’t be given live vaccines?

A
  • Pregnant women
  • <6 months since chemo or radiotherapy
  • Have had bone marrow transplant
  • Have received or are receiving high dose of immunosuppressive therapy in < 3 months
  • Babies whose mothers had immunosuppressive therapy during pregnancy
38
Q

Common adverse effects of vaccines

A

Local reactions
Rash
Fever
Headache

39
Q

Rare adverse effects of accines

A

Anaphylaxis

40
Q

False contraindications to routine vaccines

A

Food intolerances
Prematurity
Breastfeeding
Underweight
Egg allergy + MMR vaccine

Infection (16 decks)

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