Infection 9 Vaccines Flashcards
Immunisation deintinon
Process of redoing a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease
Ways a person can be immunised
Naturally acquired - B cells
Artificially induced - vaccinations
Vaccination defintion
Process of stimulating productive captive immunity against a microbe by exposure to its not pathogenic forms (vaccine)
Vaccine defintion
Live attenuated, killed organism or microbial components (protein, modified toxins or RNA) five or prevention of infectious disease
How can vaccines been given as a therapy?
Example
A form of post exposure prophylaxis rolling exposure to a pathogen known to cause disease
e.g. HIV
What are the types of immunity?
Active - natural + artificial
Passive - natural + artificial
What is natural active immunity?
The body’s natural response to an infection
e.g. chickenpox
What is artificial active immunity?
Vaccinations - before exposure
What is natural passive immunity?
Antibodies transferred
e.g. mother to baby in placenta or breast milk
What is artificial passive immunity?
Antibodies given as therapies - after exposure
Difference between active and assigned immuntiy
Active - long term protection - makes memory cells
Passive - short term protection - no memory cells
Types of vaccine
Live attenuated virus
Live attenuated bacteria
Inactivated virus
Inactivated toxin (toxoids)
Subunit/conjugate
Examples of live attenuated virus vaccines
Rotavirus
Influenza
MMR
Varicella zoster virus
Examples of live attenuated bacteria vaccines
BCG strain of mycobacterium bovis
Examples of inactivated virus vaccines
Hepatitis A
Influenza
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
Examples of inactivated toxin vaccines
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Examples of subunit/conjugate vaccines
Hepatitis B
Haemophilia influenza type B
Meningococcal
Puenomoccal
Advantages of live vaccines
Single or fever doses
Good level of protection
Reproduce natural infection
Disadvantages of live vaccines
Storage issues
Reversion to virulent wild viruses
Advantages of unactivated vaccines
Safe
Stable
No mutation of reversion
Why should live vaccines not be given to immunocompromised patients?
Due to the possibility of reversion back to the virulent wild (unsafe) virus
Disadvantages of inactivated vaccines
Multiple doses + boosters needed
Less effective than live vaccines
Variable efficacy
High conc. needed
Target population for active immunisation
Routes of vaccine administration
Oral vaccine
Nasal spray vaccine
Injectable - deltoid
- anterolateral aspect of thigh < 1 year
Describe the rotavirus vaccine
Live attenuated virus
Orally
Describe the influenza vaccine
Live attenuated virus
Nasal spray
IM vaccine meaning
Intramuscular
SC vaccine meaning
Subcutaneous
ID vaccine meaning
Intradermal
Mechanism of active immunisation
Goals of active immunity
Long lasting immune protection
Herd immunity
What are the components of long lasting immune production?
Protective antibody - IgA, IgG
Vaccine specific T cell response
Immunological memory to allow quicker and more effective production of antibodies
Importance of herd immunity
- Reduces or abolishes circulation of athogen
- Protect immunocompromised patients who can’t have vaccines
- Protects the poor responders to vaccines
Herd immunity definition
Indirect protection from an infectious disease that can happen when a population is immune either through vaccination or immunity developed through past infections
Absolute contraindications of active immunisation
Previous serious reactions to vaccines
Anaphylaxis
Fever > 38.5°C
Special considerations when administering vaccines
- No live vaccine for pregnant women or babies whose mother had immunosuppressive biological therapy during pregnancy
- Any allergie to egg, gelatin, antibiotics?
Who shouldn’t be given live vaccines?
- Pregnant women
- <6 months since chemo or radiotherapy
- Have had bone marrow transplant
- Have received or are receiving high dose of immunosuppressive therapy in < 3 months
- Babies whose mothers had immunosuppressive therapy during pregnancy
Common adverse effects of vaccines
Local reactions
Rash
Fever
Headache
Rare adverse effects of accines
Anaphylaxis
False contraindications to routine vaccines
Food intolerances
Prematurity
Breastfeeding
Underweight
Egg allergy + MMR vaccine
