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Infection > Infectioin 2 Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Infectioin 2 Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What groups of people are naturally immunosuppressed?

A

Pregnant people
Below 5
Over 65

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2
Q

Immune system definition

A

Cells and organs that contribute to immune defences against infectious and non infectious conditions (self and non self)

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3
Q

Infectious disease meaning

A

When the pathogen succeeds in evading and/or overwhelming the host’s immune defences

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4
Q

Roles of immune system

A
  • pathogen recognition
  • containing and eliminating infection
  • self regulation: minimises damage to host
  • remembering pathogens: prevents disease from reoccurring
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5
Q

Types of immunity

A

Innate immunity
Adaptive immunity

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6
Q

Describe innate immunity

A

Immediate protection
- Fast
- Lacks specificity - generalised
- Lacks memory
- No change in intensity

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7
Q

Describe Adaptive immunity

A

Long lasting protection
- Slow
- Specific
- Immunological memory
- Changes in intensity

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8
Q

What are the types first lines of defence?

A

Physical barriers
Physiological barriers
Chemical barriers
Biological barriers

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9
Q

What are physical barriers to infection?

A

Skin
Mucous membranes
Bronchial cilia

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10
Q

Where are mucous membranes to infection?

A

Mouth
Respiratory tract
GI tract
Urinary tract

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11
Q

What are physiological barriers to infection?

A

Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Cough reflex
Sneeze reflex

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12
Q

What are chemical barriers to infection?

A

Antimicrobial molecules
Low pH

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13
Q

Where in the body has low pH?

A

Skin 5.5
Stomach 1-3
Vagina 4.4

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14
Q

Examples of antimicrobial molecules

A
  • IgA - tears, saliva, mucous membrane
  • lysozyme - sebum, urine, perspiration
  • mucus - mucous membranes
  • beta defensnins - epithelium
  • gastric acid and pepsin
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15
Q

What are biological barriers?

A

Commensals microbes/normal flora
Compete for space

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16
Q

Locations of normal flora

A

Nasopharynx
Mouth
Throat
Skin
GI tract
Vagina
Absent in internal organs

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17
Q

Benefits of normal flora

A
  • compete with pathogens for attachment sits and resources
  • produce antimicrobial chemicals
  • synthesis vitamin - K, B12, other B vitamins
  • immune maturation
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18
Q

Normal flora on skin

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Candida albicans

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19
Q

Normal flora on mouth and nasopharynx

A

Streptococcus mutans
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus species

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20
Q

Normal flora in GI tract

A

Escherichia coli

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21
Q

How can normal flora be displaced from its normal location?

A
  • Breaching skin integrity
  • Fecal-oral infection - foodbourne
  • Fecal-perineal-urethral route&raquo_space; UTI
  • Poor dental hygiene/dental work&raquo_space; infective endocarditis
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22
Q

Ways skin integrity can be breached

A

Skin loss (burns)
Surgery
IV lines
Skin diseases
Injection drug uses
Tattooing
Piercing

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23
Q

When do clinical problems start with normal flora?

A
  • displaced from normal location
  • overgrowth and becomes pathogenic when host is immuno compromised
  • depletion due to antibiotic therapy
24
Q

What does depletion of Candida albicans due to antibiotics cause and where?

A

Vaginal thrush

25
Q

What does depletion of clostridium difficile cause and where?

A

Intestines
Severe colitis + dehydration

26
Q

Main phagocytes

A

Macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils

27
Q

Key cells in innate immunity

A

Main phagocytes
Basophils/mast cells
Eosinophils
Natural killer cells
Dendritic cells

28
Q

Macrophages function

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Produced cytokines/chemokines > recruit neutrophils
  • Present microbial antigens to T cells
29
Q

Monocyte function

A

Recruited at infection site and differentiate into macrophages

30
Q

Neutrophil function

A

Recruited by chemokines (produced by macrophages) at site of infection
Ingest and destroy pyogenic bacteria

31
Q

What are pyogenic bacteria?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes

32
Q

What produces chemokines and what do they recruit?

A

Produced by macrophages
Recruit neutrophils

33
Q

What are basophils important in?

A

Allergic reactions
Inflammation

34
Q

Eosinophils function

A

Defence against multi cellular parasites

35
Q

Natural killer cell function

A

Kill all abnormal host cells

36
Q

What does PAMP stand for?
What is it?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns
Antigenic marker on the surface of pathogens

37
Q

What does PRR stand for?
What is it?

A

Pathogen recognition receptor
On phagocyte surface to bind to PAMP so they can recognise and destroy bacteria

38
Q

Role of opsonins

A

Tag pathogen make them more visible to phagocytes

39
Q

Examples of encapsulated bacteria

A

Neisseria meningitidis
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae b

40
Q

How are pathogens recognised by phagocytes?

A

PAMPS
PRR

41
Q

Opsonin examples

A
  • Complement protein: C3b, C4b
  • Antibodies: IgG, IgM
  • Acute phase proteins: CPR, MBL
42
Q

What clinical problems start when phagocytosis is reduced?

A

Decreased spleen function
Decreased neutrophil number
Decreased neutrophil function

43
Q

Antimicrobial actions

A

C3a and C5a
C3b
C5-C9

44
Q

C3a and C5a function

A

Recruitment of phagocytes

45
Q

C3b function

A

Opsonisation of pathogen

46
Q

C5-C9 function

A

Killing of pathogens via membrane attack complex

47
Q

What is an opsonin?

A
  • Coating protein that bind to microbial surface
  • Causes enhanced attachment of phagocytes + clearance of microbes
48
Q

What are involved in the oxygen dependent killing mechanisms (respiratory burst)?

A

Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl
Nitric oxide

49
Q

What are involved in oxygen independent killing mechanisms?

A

Lysozymes
Lactoferrin + transferrin
Enzymes

50
Q

How do complement proteins contribute to innate immunity?

A

Enhances the immune system by promoting opsonisation of pathogens > phagocytosis

51
Q

Name some complement proteins and their function

A
  • C3a + C5a - recruit phagocytes
  • C3b - opsonisation
  • C5-C9 - membrane attack complex > kills pathogens
52
Q

Systemic actions of cytokines

A

Complement activation
Neutrophil mobilisation
Increased body temp&raquo_space; fever

53
Q

Local actions of cytokines

A

Vasodilation
Increased vascular permeability
Expression of adhesion molecules

54
Q

Pathways in the complement system + what they are initiated by

A
  • Classic pathway: initiated by antibody-antigen interactions
  • Alternative pathway: initiated by cell surface microbial components e.g. endotoxins
  • MBL pathway: MBL binds to mannose containing residues of proteins on microbes
55
Q

What do phagocytes have to allow them to recognise and bind to microbes?

A

PRRs

56
Q

What is the antigenic marker found on a microbe?

A

PAMP

57
Q

Outline the process of phagocytosis

A
  • chemotaxis + adherence of microbe to phagocyte
  • phagocyte ingests microbe
  • phagosome formed
  • phagosome + lysosome > phagolysosome
  • enzymes from lysosome digest microbe
  • forms residual body
  • discharge of waste materials

Infection (16 decks)

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