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infection > Infection 6 Infection At Surface + Biofilms > Flashcards

Infection 6 Infection At Surface + Biofilms Flashcards

1
Q

What is a surface?

A

Interface between a solid and either a liquid or a ags

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2
Q

What viruses are located on the skin?

A

Papilloma
Herpes simplex

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3
Q

What does papilloma virus cause?

A

HPV - Warts

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4
Q

What does herpes simplex cause?

A

Cold sores
Herpes

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5
Q

What gram positive bacteria is located on the skin?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase negative staphylococci
Corynebacterium

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6
Q

What gram negative bacteria is located on the skin?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

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7
Q

What fungi are located on the skin?

A

Yeasts
Dermatophytes

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8
Q

What do dermatophytes cause?

A

Athletes foot
Ringworm

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9
Q

What parasites are located on the skin?

A

Mites

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10
Q

What is microbiota?
What is another name?

A
  • Microorganisms carried on skin + mucosal surfaces
  • Harmless normally
  • Harmful if transferred to another site

Commensals

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11
Q

Methods of commensals causing infections

A

Invasion
Migration
Inoculation
Haematogenous - in blood

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12
Q

Examples of external body surfaces which infection can effect and the disease linked

A
  • cellulitis - skin
  • pharyngitis - throat
  • conjunctivitis - eye
  • gastroenteritis - GI tract
  • UTIs - urinary tract
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13
Q

Examples of internal body surfaces which infection can effect and the disease linked

A

Septic arthritis - joints
Osteomyelitis - bones
Endocarditis - heart valves
Empyema - body cavity

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14
Q

What is empyema?

A

Pockets of pus that have collected inside the body cavity

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15
Q

Causative organism of prosthetic joint infection

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase negative staphylococci

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16
Q

Causative organisms of cardiac pacing wire endocarditis

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase negative staphylococci

17
Q

Causative organism of prosthetic valve endocarditis under 1 year post op
How does it cause an issue?

A

Coagulase negative staphylococci
Enters site during surgery

18
Q

Causative organism of prosthetic valve endocarditis over 1 year post op or naive heart valves

A

Viridans
Staph aureus
Candida
HACEK group
Streptococci
Enterococcus
Faecalis

19
Q

What is the pathophysiology of infections at surfaces?

A

1- Adherence to host cell or prosthetic surface
2- Biofilm formation
3- Invasion + multiplication
4- Host response - pyogenic (neutrophil > pus)
- granulomatous

20
Q

What are some prosthetic surface infections?

A

IV lines
Prothetic joints
Cardiac valves
Peritoneal dialysis catheters
Pacing wires

21
Q

Why is Coagulase-negative staphylococci so infectious?

A

Strong adherence to host cells or prosthetic surfaces
Form biofilms

22
Q

How do microbes adhere to host cells?

A

They have pili or fimbriae

23
Q

What is a biofilm?

A
  • A thin slimy film of bacteria that adhere to surfaces
    often staph. aureus or epidermidis
  • Bacterial colonies grow on film - encased in extracellular polysaccharide matrix
24
Q

Explain biofilm formation

A
  • planktonic bacteria attach to prosthetic surfaces using pili/frimbriae
  • they proliferate and produce extracellular polysaccharide matrix
  • cells detach from colony > more planktonic bacteria
25
Q

What are planktonic bacteria?

A

Free floating bacteria

26
Q

What are the 2 host responses to pathogenesis of infection at surfaces?

A
  • pyogenitor - neutrophils > pus
  • granulomatous - fibroblasts, lymphocytes
    + macrophages > nodular inflammatory lesions
27
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

Where bacteria in a biofilm communicate with each other and coordinate their activities

28
Q

How do bacteria in biofilm communicate?

A

Quorum sensing

29
Q

What 3 things does quorum sensing control?

A

Biofilm formation
Sporulation
Virulence factor secretion

30
Q

How are surface infections managed?

A

Aim is to sterilise tissue and reduce bio burden
- give antibacterials
- surgery > remove prosthetic material

31
Q

How are surface infections diagnosed?

A

Aim is to identify infecting organism + its antimicrobial susceptibilities
- blood cultures
- tissue/prosthetic material sonication and culture

32
Q

Why are biofilms difficult to eradicate?

A
  • low metabolic state of bacteria in biofilm > antibiotics only target actively dividing
  • therefore poor anti bacterial penetration into biofilm

infection (16 decks)

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