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Infection > Infection 4 Intro To Antibiotics > Flashcards

Infection 4 Intro To Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial classification

A

Antibacterial agents
Antifungal agents
Antiviral agents
Antiprotozoal agents

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2
Q

Antibacterial agents classification

A

Bactericidal or bacteriostatic
Spectrum - broad vs narrow
Target site (mechanism of action)
Chemical structure - antibacterial class

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3
Q

What needs to be considered when choosing an antibiotic?

A

Cause of infection
Is it active against target organism?
Does it reach the site of infection?
Is it available in the right formulation? IV vs oral
Half life
Interaction with other drugs
Toxicity issues?
Drug monitoring needed?

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4
Q

Ways to measure antibiotic activity

A
  • Disc sensitivity - paper on agar plate for zone of inhibition
  • Minimal inhibitory concentration - first conc. of antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth
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5
Q

What is a minimum inhibitory concentration test and what is it done via?

A

Test to identify the first conc. of antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth
Done via broth microdilution or E-test strip

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6
Q

What is a bactericidal antibiotic?

A

Lethal to bacteria

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7
Q

What is a bacteriostatic antibiotic?

A

Stops/slows growth + reproduction

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8
Q

What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

A

Attack a wide variety of bacteria

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9
Q

What is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?

A

Specific to only a few types of bacteria

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10
Q

What type of antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Beta-lactams - penicillins, cephalosporins
Glycopeptides e.g. vancomycin

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11
Q

Examples of beta-lactams

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Cerbapenems

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12
Q

Mechanism of action of beta-lactams

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

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13
Q

Mechanism of action of glycopeptides

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

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14
Q

What type of antibiotics inhibit cell membrane function?

A

Polymixins

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15
Q

Example of polymixin antibiotic

A

colistin

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16
Q

What type of antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Quinolones - DNA gryase
Trimethoprim - folate synthase
Rifampicin - RNA polymerase

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17
Q

What drugs are penicillins?

A

Penicillin
Amoxicillin
Flucoxacillin

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18
Q

Suffix of penicillins

A

-cillin

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19
Q

Prefix of cephalosporins

A

Cef-

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20
Q

What drugs are cephalosporins?

A

Ceftriaxone

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21
Q

Suffix of carbapenems

A

-penem

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22
Q

What drugs are carbapenems?

A

Mecropenem
Imipenem

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23
Q

What drugs are glycopeptides?

A

Vancomycin
Teicoplanin

24
Q

Examples of a drug which is a quinolones?

A

Ciprofloxacin

25
Q

Suffix of quinolones

A

-floxacin

26
Q

What type of antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides

27
Q

Mechanism of action of polymixins

A

Inhibit cell membrane function

28
Q

Mechanism of action of quinolones

A

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis - DNA gyrase

29
Q

Mechanism of action f trimethoprim

A

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis - folate synthesis

30
Q

Mechanism of action of rifampicin

A

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis - RNA polymerase

31
Q

Mechanism of action of tetracyclines

A
  • Inhibit protein synthesis
  • Act on 30s ribosome subunit
32
Q

Mechanism of action of aminoglycosides

A
  • Inhibit protein synthesis
  • Act on 30s ribosome subunit
33
Q

Mechanism of action of marcolides

A
  • Inhibit protein synthesis
  • Act on 50s ribosome subunit
34
Q

Mechanisms of antibiotic action against bacterial cells

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Inhibition of cell membrane function
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

35
Q

What are penicillins good against?

A

Mainly streptococci

36
Q

Why is ceftriaxone good a treating meningitis?

A

Good level of activity in CSF as it can cross the blood brain barrier

37
Q

Examples of tetracyclines

A

doxycycline
tetracycline

38
Q

What are tetracyclines good against?
Example

A

Gram positive bacteria
doxycycline
tetracycline

39
Q

What are aminoglucosides good against?
Example

A

Gram negative bacteria
gentamicin

40
Q

Examples of macrolides

A

Clarithromycin
Erythromycin

41
Q

Mechanisms of aciclovir
Use

A

Inhibits viral DNA polymerase

Herpes simplex
Varicella zoster - chicken pox + shingles

42
Q

What does metronidazole target?
Use

A

Anaerobic bacteria - C.difficle
Protozoa

43
Q

What are the three types of antibitoics resistance?

A
  • intrinsic: no target - permanent
  • acquired: acquires new genetic material or mutates - permanent
  • adaptive: only resistant when exposed to antibiotic - susceptible once antibiotic is removed
44
Q

What is amoxicillin good against?

A

Gram negative bacteria

45
Q

Mechanism of oseltamivir
Use

A

Inhibits viral neuraminidase

Influenza A + B

46
Q

What are two subgroups of antifungals?

A

Azoles
Polyenes

47
Q

Mechanism of azoles
Examples + uses

A

Inhibit cell membrane synthesis

flucanazole- candida

48
Q

Mechanism of polyenes
Examples and uses

A

Inhibit cell membrane function

nystatin - candida

49
Q

Consequences of antibacterial resistance

A

Treatment failure
Prophylaxis failure
Economic costs

50
Q

Mechanism of antibiotic resistance

A
  • enzymatic modification of enzyme
  • enzymatic alteration of antibiotic targets
  • mutation of bacterial target site
51
Q

Outline horizontal gene transfer

A

Plasma in donor shared through pili between DNA
Can share to more DNA

52
Q

Why is co-amoxiclav more commonly prescribed than amoxicillin alone?

A

co-amoxiclav contains a beta lactamase inhibitor
Helps combat the resistance to amoxicllin

53
Q

What are the classes of antibacterials?

A

Inhibition of:
- Cell wall synthesis
- Cell membrane function
- Nucelic acid synthesis
- Protein synthesis

54
Q

Generally, antibitoics that begin with C (not co-) have an association with what?

A

Clostridioides difficile infection

55
Q

Define antibiotic cross reactivity?

A

A hypersensitivity reaction to an antibiotic that is similar in structure to an antibiotic with a known allergy

Infection (16 decks)

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