infection

Question 1

methods of identifying enterobacteriaceae

Answer 1

blood agar
macconkey agar
chromogenic agar
CLED agar

Question 2

enterobacteriaceae are gram ____ and ____ ____

Answer 2

negative

facultative anaerobes

Question 3

what features of enterobacteriaceae cause disease

Answer 3

endotoxin
enterotoxin
fimbriae
flagella

Question 4

what gram positives are present in the mouth

Answer 4

strep viridans 
neisseria 
anaerobes
candida
stapylococci

Question 5

what flora are present in the stomach/duodenum

Answer 5

candida and staphylococcus in small numbers, should be sterile

Question 6

what flora are present in the jejunim

Answer 6

small number of coliforms and anaerobes

Question 7

what flora are present in the colon

Answer 7

large number coliforms and anaerobes, enterococcus faecalis

Question 8

what flora are present in the bile ducts

Answer 8

none, they are sterile

Question 9

4 most common ways of GI infection in community

Answer 9

cross contamination
undercooking
improper storage of food
improper reheating

Question 10

what toxins does c diff produce

Answer 10

enterotoxin - toxin A

cytotoxin - toxin B

Question 11

if c diff is normal intestinal flora in the elderly how does it overgrow

Answer 11

antibiotics kill normal bowel flora that compete with c diff

Question 12

spread of rotavirus

Answer 12

person-person spread

direct, indirect contact

Question 13

main worry with rotavirus

Answer 13

dehydration, malabsorption

Question 14

spread of norovirus

Answer 14

droplet and oral-faecal route

Question 15

how long is norovirus incubation

Answer 15

24 hours

Question 16

symptoms of norovirus

Answer 16

sudden explosive diarrhoea and vomiting for 2-4 days

Question 17

how long after symptoms of norovirus end before you can work again

Answer 17

48 hours

Question 18

how do you prevent spread of diarrhoea causing illness in hospiral

Answer 18

side room for patient 
admit to ID
cohort nursing 
washing hands 
PPE

Question 19

what hepatitis is carried by diarrhoea

Answer 19

hepatitis A and E

Question 20

how are STIs transmitted in sex

Answer 20

direct inoculation 
trauma 
PWID
pomites 
ingestion 
secretions

Question 21

STI risk factors

Answer 21

<25
Ethnicity 
Male-male sex 
no condom use 
urban areas 
past Hx 
changing partner

Question 22

are cases of rectal gonorrhoea increasing or decreasing

Answer 22

increasing

Question 23

transmission of rectal chlamydia and gonorrhoea

Answer 23

direct mucosal contact with infected secretions

Question 24

what is LGV mee common with

Answer 24

MSM and HIV
group sex
drug use 
hep C
syphilis

Question 25

who do you test for LGV

Answer 25

MSM with haemorrhagic proctitis HIV and MSM with chlamydia suspicious ulcers with MSM

Question 26

transmission of HSV, HPV

Answer 26

ano-rectal oro-anal contact

Question 27

symptoms of HSV anally

Answer 27

painful defecation ulceration bleeding mucus

Question 28

what is the complication of HPV and the solution for MSM

Answer 28

anal cancer | MSM vaccination

Question 29

HIV depletes GALT. what does this result in?

Answer 29

opportunistic infection persistent immune activation HIV enteropathies

Question 30

causes of peritonitis

Answer 30

perforated duodenal ulcer, tumour, appendix, diverticulum

Question 31

define SIRS

Answer 31

``` non specific clinical response with two or more of temp>38/<36 tachy >90 RR>20 WCC >12000/<4000 ```

Question 32

define sepsis

Answer 32

SIRS with suspected/known infectious process

Question 33

define septic shock

Answer 33

sepsis with one or more organ dysfunction

Question 34

community sources of bacteraemia

Answer 34

ecoli s aureus strep pneumoniae

Question 35

hospital sources of bacteraemia

Answer 35

``` ecoli s aureus - MRSA enterococci klebsiella pseudomonas ```

Question 36

sepsis 6?

Answer 36

``` oxygen if required monitor urine output check lactate take cultures of blood, urine, wound IV antibiotics IV fluid resus stat ```