Histology

Question 1

name the salivary glands

Answer 1

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

Question 2

epithelium in oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Answer 2

stratified squamous, keratinised in hard palate and gums

Question 3

epithelium lining tongue

Answer 3

anterior 2/3 - stratifies squamous

posterior - smooth stratified squamous

Question 4

describe the structure of the digestive tract

Answer 4

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

Question 5

what is contained in the mucosa

Answer 5

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

Question 6

the top 1/3rd of the oesophagus is ___ muscle

Answer 6

skeletal

Question 7

what is the gastro-oesphageal junction

Answer 7

change from stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar

Question 8

gastric pits lined by

Answer 8

mucous glands

Question 9

what is found in gastric gland

Answer 9

parietal cells - acid
chief cells - enzymes
enteroendocrine cells - hormone
stem cells

Question 10

why is the muscularis externa in the stomach special?

Answer 10

it has an extra oblique layer of smooth muscle

Question 11

what is the pyloric sphincter

Answer 11

sphincter between pylorus and duodenum

thickening of smooth muscle

Question 12

what does the duodenum contain to neutralise chyme

Answer 12

brunners glands

Question 13

what unique feature does the ileum have

Answer 13

peyer’s patches

Question 14

what is the function of the lacteal in the vilus

Answer 14

transport of chylomicrons from enterocytes

Question 15

what is the tenia coli?

Answer 15

longitudinal smooth muscles in 3 strands

Question 16

what changes occur in the rectoanal junction

Answer 16

non keratinised stratified squamous becomes keratinised at anal canal

Question 17

where is the myenteric plexus and what does it do?

Answer 17

lies between muscularis externa and controls movement

Question 18

where is the submucosal plexus and what does it do?

Answer 18

in submucosa and controls secretion

Question 19

describe a liver lobule

Answer 19

hexagonal collection of hepatocytes with centrolobular vein and portal triad at each corner

Question 20

what is a sinusoid

Answer 20

space between hepatocytes for blood to flow through

Question 21

what is a portal triad

Answer 21

branch of hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct and lymphatic vessel

Question 22

what epithelia do bile ducts have

Answer 22

simple cuboidal - cholangiocytes

Question 23

what is the perisinusoidal space

Answer 23

space between hepatocytes and epithelial cells

Question 24

what increases surface area to hepatocytes in perisinusoidal space

Answer 24

microvilli

Question 25

what do hepatic stellate cells do and where are they found

Answer 25

fibroblasts making connective tissue e

space of disse

Question 26

what are kupffer cells

Answer 26

macrophages in sinusoids to remove particulate material and sometimes RBC

Question 27

what does bile contian

Answer 27

water, ions, salts, phospholipids, bilirubin

Question 28

what is bilirubin

Answer 28

pigment due to Hb breadown that makes faeces brown

Question 29

what are bili canaliculi

Answer 29

small channels formed by tight junctions

Question 30

structure of gallbladder

Answer 30

simple columnar cells, lamina propria, smooth muscle, collagenous adventitia

Question 31

what is the function of the bladder

Answer 31

concentration and storage of bile

Question 32

what does the pancreas produce

Answer 32

digestive juices, proteases, lipases, nucleases

Question 33

where do the pancreatic digestive juices enter the duodenm

Answer 33

via pancreatic duct

Question 34

why are proteases not released into the pancreas in their active form

Answer 34

it would digest the pancreas

Question 35

what enzyme in the duodenum activates pro-proteases

Answer 35

trypsinogen to trypsin

Question 36

what do islets of langerhans produce

Answer 36

insulin/glucagon

Question 37

what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Answer 37

main pancreatic duct joining with common bile duct