Industrialisation and Protest (Social)

Question 1

How many cities had populations over 100,000 by 1850?

Answer 1

9

Question 2

What was London’s population in 1850?

Answer 2

Over 2.3 million

Question 3

What impact did improvements to transport infrastructure have?

Answer 3

Expansion of canals, roads and rail networks made the workforce more mobile.

Question 4

What was the most common type of housing for factory workers?

Answer 4

Back-to-back housing

Proved very efficient, as could fit many people in 1 terrace.

Question 5

How much did Manchester’s population grow?

Answer 5

From 25,000 in 1772 to 182,000 in 1831

Question 6

What was Manchester nicknamed?

Answer 6

‘cottonopolis’

Question 7

What did the 1823 Master and Servant Act rule?

Answer 7

Failure to fulfil an employment contract punishable with imprisonment

Question 8

Define Oligarchy

Answer 8

Authority concentrated among a few self appointed and self interested people.

Question 9

What did the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 achieve?

Answer 9

Removed local autonomy from oligarchies and allowed local councils to control local utilities. (Eg) sewage and water systems.

Question 10

What is nationalisation?

Answer 10

The process whereby private businesses are taken under public ownership by the state.

Question 11

Why did the use of canals begin to decrease after the turn of the century? (Early 1800s)

Answer 11

Because the system was slow and could not keep up with the demand.

Question 12

What did the 1844 Railway Regulation Act achieve?

Answer 12

Strengthened the states control over railway companies, and the opportunity to incorporate them if necessary.

Question 13

Define incorporation

Answer 13

The act of giving a company legal recognition by making it a separate legal body

Question 14

What was repealed in 1813?

Answer 14

The Statute of Artificers - this was an act that provided regulation of wages and working conditions since 1563.

Question 15

What did the 1846 repeal of The Corn Laws show?

Answer 15

That the government was adopting a laissez faire approach - preferring to let private businesses dictate change.

Question 16

When were the Combination Acts?

Answer 16

1799/1800

Question 17

What were the Combination Acts?

Answer 17

Prevented the establishing of Trade Unions

Question 18

Define Trade Union

Answer 18

An association of workers from a trade who work together through bargaining and action to protect and improve working conditions.

Question 19

What was The Great Exhibition in 1851?

Answer 19

An international exhibition organised by Prince Albert to showcase inventions and goods. More. Than 100,000 artefacts from 15,000 contributors were displayed. And Britain took up 1/2 the floor space!

Question 20

Describe the back-to-backs

Answer 20

• shared both back and side walls
• 4 m wide
• one room deep
• one wall opening onto a street meant very little natural light.
• poor ventilation = respiratory diseases

Question 21

What was sanitation like in industrial towns?

Answer 21

Overcrowding resulted in spread of diseases such as cholera, influenza.

Water pumps were in close proximity to open sewers

Question 22

Describe the cholera epidemic of 1831

Answer 22

The outbreak began in Sunderland

It killed 32,000 people

Question 23

Why were some of the efforts to improve sanitation unsuccessful?

Answer 23

Because there was no knowledge as to what caused disease, thought to be caused by miasma

Often improvements made in wealthier areas which strengthened the class divisions already in place.

Question 24

Define Capitalism

Answer 24

An economic concept where trade and businesses are owned privately and run for profit.

Question 25

How long was the average working day of an industrial labourer

Answer 25

14 hours

Question 26

How much was a worker fined for being 10 minutes late?

Answer 26

2 hours wage

Question 27

How much was the fine for talking?

Answer 27

1 spilling or 1/5th of their daily wage

Question 28

Why were ther no healthy and safety measures in place?

Answer 28

Too expensive - capitalist employers were focussed on profit.

Question 29

What 1815 invention improved the safety of mining?

Answer 29

The Davy lamp

Question 30

How much did production of coal increase between 1770 and 1850?

Answer 30

From 6 to 55 million tons

Question 31

How long was the typical mining shift?

Answer 31

12 hours

Question 32

What was the problem with employment in mining towns?

Answer 32

No guaranteed fixed wage, and non permanent employment

Question 33

What were the separate spheres?

Answer 33

The idea that men and women have different roles in society, men often the breadwinner and women the homemakers and raises the children

Question 34

What was the weekly wage of a factory worker?

Answer 34

12 - 15 shillings

Question 35

What were women’s role in mines

Answer 35

Used as hurriers - transported coal around which often led to physical injuries.

Operated the windlass - brought coal up and lowered men down

Question 36

Why were women useful to factory and mine owners?

Answer 36

Could be paid less than the male counterparts, often undertook work that males refused to do (windlass)

Question 37

What % of the working population were under 20 in 1829?

Answer 37

49%

Question 38

How were children employed in cotton mills?

Answer 38

Scavengers- crawled under the machinery and collected fallen cotton. Often were injured by the machinery.

Question 39

How were children employed in mines?

Answer 39

Trappers - opened trap doors for coal to pass through.

Also worked as hurriers with the women (hauling carts of coal around)

Question 40

What did The Mining Act of 1842 achieve?

Answer 40

Women and Children (including boys under 10) were not allowed to work underground.