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Uni-psych > Individuals & Groups- Week 1 - Personality > Flashcards

Individuals & Groups- Week 1 - Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Freudian slip?

A

An unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings.
“slip of the tongue”
They reveal private thoughts/ feelings.

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2
Q

What are some examples of Freudian slips?

A

Heteronormativity/homosexual deviancy
Sexism, e.g., penis-envy
How to stimulate female orgasm
Death wish
Catharsis
Brain processes and how to identify them
Cocaine and lies
Pseudoscience…

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3
Q

What does the structural model of personality include?

A

Id-

Ego

Superego

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4
Q

What is the Id?

A

Primitive & instinctive component of personality.
Part of the unconscious that contains all the urges & impulses, including what is called the libido, a kind of generalized sexual energy that is used for everything from survival instincts to appreciation of art.
Responds only to the Pleasure Principle

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5
Q

What is the Ego?

A

Is the only part of the conscious personality.
It’s what the person is aware of when they think about themselves, and is what they usually try to project toward others.
Ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world.
Operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often compromising or postponing satisfaction to avoid negative consequences of society

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6
Q

What is the superego?

A

The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others.

It develops around the age of 3 – 5 years during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.

The superego is a part of the unconscious that is the voice of conscience (doing what is right) and the source of self-criticism.

The conscience is our ‘inner voice’ that tells us when we have done something wrong. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt.

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7
Q

What does the topographical model of personality include?

A

Freud distinguishes 3 instances of personality according to the topographical model. (Ice burg model)
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious

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8
Q

Topographical model

What does the conscious mind consist of?

A

Mental processes that we are aware of (the tip of the ice burg)

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9
Q

Topographical model

What does the Pre-conscious consist of?

A

Contains thoughts & feelings that a person is not currently aware of, but which can easily be brought to consciousness (1924).

It exists just below the level of consciousness, before the unconscious mind.

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10
Q

Topographical model

What does the unconscious mind consist of?

A

The unconscious mind comprises mental processes that are inaccessible to consciousness but that influence judgments, feelings, or behavior (Wilson, 2002).

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11
Q

What did Freud say about energy?

A

Conservation of energy.
Energy cant be created or destroyed- only expressed, blocked, delayed, or modified - can only convert/ re-channel it.

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12
Q

What did Freud say about energy?

A

Believed that people continuously generate psychic energy, but only a certain amount is available for use at any point in time.

This psychic energy is then used by the three components of personality: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is the first location where all of this psychic energy can be found.

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13
Q

Energy- stems from instincts

A

States of excitement (tension),
located at various centres in the body,
according to one’s stage of development.

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14
Q

What are the different inherited instincts?

A

Life instinct (Energy- Eros)- Libido

Ego instinct

Sexual instinct (Energy-Libido)

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15
Q

What is the life instinct?

A

Sometimes referred to as sexual instincts, the life drive deals with basic survival, pleasure, and reproduction.

While we tend to think of life instincts in terms of sexual procreation, these drives also include instincts such as thirst, hunger, and pain avoidance.

The energy created by the life drive is known as libido.

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16
Q

What is the ego instinct?

A

Self- preservation (look after yourself- maximize chance of survival) aim

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17
Q

What is the sexual instinct (Energy = Libido) ?

A

Species preservation aim?

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18
Q

The root of the problem

  • Trauma?
  • Anxiety?
A

Trauma- in post 1897 theory- When something causes threat, is causes pain & results in a traumatic experience.

Occurs when instinct expression is/ threatens to be harmful to the self.

As we develop cognitive skills & abilities & memory- we can experience anxiety which reminds us of the things that led to past trauma.

Trauma is the threat- anxiety is the what remind us of the threat.

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19
Q

What did Freud say about anxiety?

A

Anxiety is triggered by traumatic situations- where the ego is helpless & overwhelmed.

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20
Q

What is an example of a defense mechanism?

A

Repression

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21
Q

What is primary repression?

A

Unwanted material/ disturbing/ threatening thoughts are turned away before reaching awareness into our conscious mind.
It can leak into our consciousness in disguised ways.
We can become aware of something potentially threatening & adjust our thresh holds to block it out- anticipatory defense mechanism.

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22
Q

After expulsion/ repression proper

A

Unwanted material noticed in consciousness- tried to get rid of.

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23
Q

How are defense mechanisms ranked?

A

Ranked from “mature” & “adaptive” (e.g altruism (selfless concern for others)/ humour)- to “pathological”- (e.g psychotic denial, delusional projection.)

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24
Q

What defense mechanisms are more effective?

A

Mature defense mechanisms.

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25
Q

What is Freudian Denial?

A

A refusal to acknowledge disturbing aspects of external reality, as well as the existence of disturbing psychological (internal) events, such as thoughts, memories, or feelings

Engaging in potentially ego-threatening behaviour- without conscious awarness of doing so.

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26
Q

What is “splitting”?

A

Unconsciously separate or “split” objects into two categories, seeing the “good” side of a person or thing as the part they find acceptable and the “bad” side of the person or thing as the part they find painful or unacceptable.

Threatening thoughts and feelings material are “split” from the ego and seen as located in and coming from “bad” people

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27
Q

What is projection?

A

Projection is a form of defense in which unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, where they then appear as a threat from the external world.

A common form of projection occurs when an individual, threatened by his own angry feelings, accuses another of harboring hostile thoughts.

28
Q

Freudian Rationalisation

A

Real but ego-threatening reasons for action are not recognised and are replaced by apparently rational (therefore ego-enhancing) ones

An attempt to logically justify immoral, deviant, or generally unacceptable behavior.

There is something ego threatening that is in some sense reconstrued - given a positive spin e.g.

29
Q

Freudian Displacement?

A

Displacement is when a person shifts his/her impulses from an unacceptable target to a more acceptable or less threatening target.

30
Q

What is Altruism?

A

When used as a defence mechanism, people seek “pleasure from giving to others what people would themselves like to receive” (p. 93), especially the comfort of security

31
Q

What are the different types of altruism?

A

Pseudoaltruism
Psychotic altruism
Protoaltruism
Generative altruism
Conflicted altruism

32
Q

What is Pseudoaltruism

A

Aggressive (sadomasochistic) drives from ‘scary’ feelings (e.g., envy, inadequacy) and/or a harsh superego result in defensive ‘altruism

33
Q

What is psychotic altruism?

A

Anxieties promote neurotic drives to (often delusional) self-perceptions of serving others.

The sometimes bizarre forms of caretaking behavior and associated self-denial seen in psychotic individuals, and often based on delusion.

34
Q

What is protoaltruism?

A

Instinctive, biological, e.g., parental nurturing

Is instinctive and resembles seemingly altruistic. behavior seen in animals.

35
Q

What is generative altruism?

A

Non-defensive taking pleasure in helping and/or enjoying others’ improved welfare.

Generative altruism is the non conflictual pleasure in fostering the success and/or welfare of another.

36
Q

What is conflicted altruism?

A

Altruism which is both generative and a defence against anxiety

37
Q

What is Terror Management Theory?

A

Is a dual-defense model that explains how people protect themselves against concerns about death (mortality salience).

According to TMT, the specific manner in which people respond is dependent on whether the concerns are conscious or unconscious.

38
Q

What are psycho- sexual stages?

A

In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory.

Freud believed that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which pleasure seeking energies from the child became focused on certain erogenous areas.

Different stages in our infancy in childhood & different parts of our physiological body are more excitable/ more important in some ways than others

39
Q

Psycho- sexual stages

What are the erogenous zones?

A

Primary sites of energy and instinct satisfaction or frustration, leading to pleasure or pain (e.g., pain, anxiety, frustration)

40
Q

What years is the Oral Stage?

A

0-1

Initially “all Id”

Erogenous zone= mouth. (sucking, feeling, tasting, biting)

Mother as original “love object”

41
Q

What happens in the Anal Stage ?

What ages?

A

1-3

Erogenous zone- anus.

Passing or withholding (and playing with, etc.) faeces

Parents as key sources of pleasure or pain in response to the infant’s actions

42
Q

Phallic stage

What age?
What happens at this stage?

A

3-5

Erogenous zone = genitals, Physical and intellectual stimulation

The “original love triangle”

Key task = Resolution of the Oedipal Complex-

43
Q

What happens in the Oedipal Complex (phallic stage)?

A

Increasing respect for father as provider and defender and increasing resentment of father’s relationship with mother

Same-sex parent becomes seen as an aggressive rival (from projection) – castration anxiety among boys

Ambivalence and anxiety resolved by same-sex identification (enabling later displaced love for opposite sex partner)

44
Q

Latency- what age
What happens in this stage?

A

Age 6-12

Repressed libidinal energy

No special erogenous zones

Key task = Social interaction outside the family

Learn about things like social relationships with peers etc.

45
Q

When is the Gentital stage?

What happens in this stage?

A

Adolescence

Erogenous zone = genitals
Now genuinely sexualised

Key task = Establishing family

A key lesson = Identity
Talk about sex in a traditional sense- task to mature into adult- form family & repeat cycle- work out who you are relative to world/ others etc.

46
Q

Who did the psychosexual stages of development?

A

Erikson’s

47
Q

Who came up with the model of identity status during adolescence?

A

Marcia 1966

48
Q

What is identity crisis?

A

Period of uncertainty & confusion over a persons identity in their life.

49
Q

What is the model of identity status in adolescence?

A

Achievement

Foreclosure

Moratorium

Diffusion

50
Q

Identity status during adolescence model

What happens during Identity moratorium?

A

Those who are actively exploring in an attempt to establish an identity but have yet to have made any commitment.

Time can be anxious & emotionally tense period as the adolescent experiments with different roles and explores various beliefs.

Normal to be rebellious, uncooperative, procrastinate, low self esteem etc.

51
Q

What happens during identity achievement?

A

Those- after exploration, have committed.
It is a long process.
Feel self-acceptance, stable & committed to their identity.

52
Q

What happens during identity foreclosure?

A

Have committed to an identity without exploring options.

This commitment is often a response to anxiety about uncertainty or change during adolescence or pressure from parents, social groups, or cultural expectations.

53
Q

What happens during identity diffusion?

A

Characterizes those who have neither explored the options nor made a commitment to an identity.

Marcia (1980) proposed that when individuals enter the identity formation process, they have little awareness or experience with identity exploration or the expectation to commit to an identity.

Low self-esteem, easily influenced by peers, lack of meaningful friendships, little commitment, or fortitude in activities or relationships, self-absorbed, and self-indulgent.

54
Q

What are personality & behaviour the result of interplay between?

A

Expression & inhibition of instincts

55
Q

As a person moves through the psychosocial stages- what can happen a certain stages?

A

Social (usually parental) rewards and punishments for particular forms of instinct expression change.

If social treatment is experienced as too harsh (anxiety-evoking) or too comfortable, ‘habitual’ forms of instinct expression can get locked in an immature stage (fixation/arrested development) or returned to (regression)

56
Q

What happens when the ego is well adjusted?

A

Ego can satisfy the needs of the id, the superego, and reality. (Resilient Personality)

Can cope with different environments/ challenges/ frustrations etc- people high in resilience have good outcomes.

57
Q

What may happen if the Id is too strong?

A

Wanton self-gratification rules. (Under-controlled)- if too animalistic and ego cant regulate emotions/ adapt to world-

You will be under controlled/ impulsive/ reckless/ drop out of school etc- poor life outcomes.

58
Q

What may happen if the superego is too strong?

A

The person is rigidly judgemental. (Over-controlled) perfectionist- can be successful as driven but often not happy or adaptable- dont have a good life compared to ego resilient people.

59
Q

What are the oral character/ personalities?

A

Oral Incorporative (Over-indulged)

Oral Aggressive (Under-indulged)

60
Q

What happens if you are oral incorporative?

A

Optimistic
Gullible
“Swallow anything”
“Sweet”

61
Q

What happens if you are oral Aggressive?

A

Pessimistic
Suspicious
“Biting remarks”
“Bitter

62
Q

What is in the anal triad? What is it?

A

Freud- cluster of personality traits .

Orderliness- excessive conscientiousness and a concern with neatness and cleanliness.

Obstinacy involves being stubborn, wilful and rigid.

Parsimony represents stinginess with money and time.

63
Q

What are anal retentives?

A

Are ‘rigid’ (‘tight’ and ‘clenched’) and ‘over-controlled’- people underindulged in anal stage- had high expectations/ punished if did wrong things- became neurotic- scared of expressing themselves- need order- perfectionism- demanding of themselves and others.

Tend to be stingy, punctilious, meticulous, prissy, ‘up-tight’, perfectionist, inflexible, risk-averse, and rule-loving- t

63
Q

What are anal retentives?

A

Are ‘rigid’ (‘tight’ and ‘clenched’) and ‘over-controlled’- people underindulged in anal stage- had high expectations/ punished if did wrong things- became neurotic- scared of expressing themselves- need order- perfectionism- demanding of themselves and others.

Tend to be stingy, punctilious, meticulous, prissy, ‘up-tight’, perfectionist, inflexible, risk-averse, and rule-loving- t

64
Q

What are anal expulsives?

A

Anal expulsives are ‘sadistic’ and ‘under-controlled’

They tend towards expansiveness, messiness, vagueness, dismissiveness, carelessness, disorganization, rebelliousness, and maybe even cruelty

65
Q

Ego culture?

A

One person’s instinct expression can trigger others anxieties

People therefore attempt to control others’ instinct expressions, thereby causing trauma

Society codifies such processes.

Uni-psych (33 decks)

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