indignous people Flashcards
berkes 200 what features ik in adaptive managment
empahasise processes
-can’t control nature
-social learning
-irrative
berkes 2000 how can TK and adapative management be interconected
-TK can inspire adaptive management systems
-adaptive management framework can increase amount TK used
whats ICCAS
natural/modifies ecs significant biod values, voluntary conserved ip and local com, mobile or sedentary by customary laws/other effective means
external threats ICCAs
-development
-expoitation
-encroachment
-taxes
-party politics
0poaching
-pollution
-natural catastraphe
internal threats ICCAs
change values, pressure resources, inequaltiy , depopulation, loss food sovrienty
colding and folke 2001 what are resource and habit taboos that protect natural areas
1)segment taboos
2) temporal taboos
3)method taboos
4)life history taboo
5)species specific taboo
6)habitat taboo
key finding colding and folke 2001 about taboos resources
-no taboo found how much resources with drawn
-taboos similar mainstream cons actions
-taboos created not with aim to protect species
-enforcment-automatic sanctions, spiritualm chief social pressure
-not al cons benefit
colding and folke 2001 why advantage focus on socail taboos cons
-not costly
-people follow voluntarily
garnet et al 2018 how much land do ip protect
-38 million km 2
1/4 land surface
garnett et al 2018 why must we partner with IP
to meet biod and cc targets
bhagwat et al 2005 what is the differences forest groves, sacred forest and cofee plantations for biod?
-forest- large amount tree, more endemc trees
-sacred - more fungi, threatened trees and plant medical properies
-cofee least biod
bhagwat what cons measures came out looking different biod in different landuse practices
-need offical recognition sacred groves
-systems to reward effective protection
-joint planning and managment
Bgagwat conclusion biod areas outside pas
informal areas also important for biod and should be recognised
brook, melachlan 2008 how much LEK been encoperated into the litrature over 25 yr period
-LEK increasing
-still not in most prestigious journal mainly small intersdisplinary
-need include local more research procedures
colunsion brook melachlan 2008 how to improve LEK academia
-create guidlines how to work LEK
-K holders should be involved whole research process
cinner aswani 2007 principles hybrid cons managment
-stratagies :- reflect local and SE, cultral traditions
-match varying scales socail ecological processes
-process harness sc and local k systems
-legal capacity flexible and fast
-recognise limits what cons achieve
-embrace utlitarian nature custimory managment
cinner aswani 2007 whats benefits intergrating custimory managment into marine conservation
-create system thats highly flexible , conserve recouses and meets com goals
cinner aswani 2007 what key principles creating hybrid management schemes cons
-understand tenure and se situations in each location
-match spatial scale resources owned, used, governed and ecologically relevant processes
-harness local and science k system and mechanisms to detect change
-participatory process
-have legal capacity enforce rules, exclude outsiders , not erode traditional authority structures
huntingdon 2000 why is TEK not being intergrated sc
1)sc. lack knowledge social science methods
-tek not written down
-reluctance to share k due to issues ownership
huntigdon 2000 should we use TEK
although needs to be scrutinised in certain situations TEK help better resource use and management so should be used
keller 2009 do conservationist proberly use the term culture
no, conservationist focus tabood
-vulture more complex cons only use bit self serving
keller 2009 how can conservationist improve use culture
-use all parts not just focus on taboos that self serve aims
definition indigenous people international law
-descendant original inhabitant
-distinctive cultural ID
0relationship land historical, cultural, spiritual ties
how many IP are there
300-500m
how do IP contribute cons
-TEK
-ICCAs
-Customary institutions
what conditions are traditional livelihoods s.
-low population densities
-abundant land
-limited involvement market economies
based subsistance
what was the traditional lives Irapa-ukapa Venezuela
-moved over extensive areas
-, plant food
what are lives irapa-ukapa venezuela now like
-stationary seasonal laborers
-started using shotgeuns= wipe out mammals
-cash-caned meat
-grow coffee cash crop
what change occured for the irapa-ukapa people
-lose traditional ideology, language economic pursuit replaces custom and behavioral characteristics venezualian rural culture many fled land economic crisis
what did vilet et al 2015 find about IP
chicken increasingly replace wild meat and fish source protien
how ip gained TEK
lived area 1000’s yrs - accumlate k to survuve
who are now interested in TEK
-cons bio
-anthropoligist
-ethnobiology
-pharmacutical researchers
-zoologists
berks et al defintion TEK
cumulative body language, practice and beliefs evolving by adaptive process and handed down through generations by cultural transmission about relationship by cultural transmission , relationship living being one another and envi
what are the issues of reliability with TEK
-issue how reliable is when based on myth
-need to work out how much is based on objective k VS beliefs
what are uses TEK
-location-specific knowledge
-k envi linkages
- help understand traditional management practices and cons
-help provide basis comanagement discussions
who used TEK to help survey birds
gardner et al
Gardner et al how did TEK help survey bird
18/73 species were found from interviews with fishmen
what benefits using TEK to survey biodiversity
-cheap and quick
what must make sure when asking locals for help surveying biod
must ensure they can ID species
what ICCAS stand for
indigenous and community conserved area
how IP conserve ICCAS
-voluntary cons
-customary laws
-other effective means cons
what are IP motivation to conserve areas
-safeguard resources
-provide envi product
-spiritual, religious value, cultural ID, pride, responsibility
-expression of political and cultural autonomy
gardner et al 2018 what percent earth managed IP
25%
how much IP managed land overlap PA and ecologically intact landscapes
40%
schuster et al 2019 where do ICCAS have higher vertibrate than formal PAs
-Australia
-brazil
-canada
schuster et al 2019 what countries do ICCAs have more threatened species than PAs
-brazil
-canada
do IP want recognition for there pas
-soemtimes yes sometimes no
why some IP not want formal recognition for there role in managing pas
-come with paper work and beacracie
-have to stock to criteria so restrict their activities
what pros of ICCAs have formal protection
-additional legal protection
-e.g help stop migrants
-managment support
-funding
what are the cons formal protection ICCAs
-disempower and demotivate (rules now set someone else and have to follow)
-create conflict traditional and new institutions
-place limits activities
what occured kalahari game reserve example IP and protected areas
-created 1961 protect san bushmen
-allowed to hunt traditional weapons
-but started to settle and use modern weapons
=banned hunting and expelled
=reserve offer protection but limit development
whats motivational crowding
-imposing rules = crowd out intrinsic motivation
whats a example of motivation crowding
-sacred fprest in madagsca became PA = people no longer believe in taboos as rules came from gov not ancestor
What are the main threats to ICCAs
-lack legal protection
-not recognised private entrepreneurs, neibours migrants
-can’t stop others entering
-may appear unmanaged/underexploited area = vulenrible appropriation,re-allocation land
external threats ICCAs
-dev/resources extraction
-expropriation common land
-settling migrants/refugees
-inappropriate recognition
-active acculturalization programs
how do conservation threaten ICCAs
-traditional livlihood s. because land pristine now cons take land if they had destroyed it would of been left to them
what are internal threats ICCAs
-cultural change, values
-increasing pressure resources
-new opportunities commercialisation
-new scources internal conflict
-depopulation
whats segment taboos
regulate resource extraction by a segemnt of society
e.g pregnant woman, children
wjhat temporal taboo
-regulate acces time
e.g when fish and hunt
what method taboo
-regulate resource extraction
Lac Ravelobe, Madagascar – taboo (fady) on nets allowed
coexistence with crocodiles
what life history taboo
stop exploitation vulrible life stages- eg not tak epregnant female, or roosting animals
what species specific taboo
-total protection species time and space- eg percieved toxic, sacred, reincarnate, ugly
WHAT HABITAT TABOO
restrict acess and use time and space ICCAs
-religous tabo eg sacred forest
taboos relationship conservation
-many taboos similar
-no limit how much exploited
-most don’t aim to manage resorces
example of effective tabo
-fady against commercialisation cray fish Madagascar
what are the strengths customary institutions
-high compliance and self enforcing (
-vague sanction = easily reinforced
-low monitoring and enforcement costs
why taboos good enforcment
-comply fear spritiual retribution
-sanction automatic don’t have to be caught fear god do something to you
what are the limits of customary institutions
-no legal basis
-weakened by formalisation could crowd out beliefs
-low resilience- vulnerible erosion and social-econmic transformation
-don’t aim conservation
-some no cons benefit
-may relax if need convert area
what can be problem intergrating taboo and cons
may weaken mangment
crowd out motivation
