In person study guide Flashcards
What is the smallest
Molecules
What is the biggest
Biopsphere
Know 3 domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Know 3 kingdoms in Eukarya
Plants, Animals, Fungi
what is the atomic number
number of protons and number of electrons
what is the atomic mass
number of protons plus neutrons
how does potential energy correlate to shell level
if you move farther away from the atomic nucleus (go up shells) , then you gain potential energy
how many electrons do shell 1 and 2 hold?
shell 1 holds 2, shell 2 holds 8
what is a covalent bond
very strong bond where electrons are shared
what is an ionic bond
an atom is able to strip or steal an electron from another atom, and the one stripped of the electron has the positive charge while the one that gained an electron has a negative charge
what is a hydrogen bond
they are pretty weak, but form between molecules
what are van der waals interactions
cohesive behavior
water molecules stick together
adhesive behavior
water molecules stick to something else
what is surface tension
because of hydrogen bonding, water has a high surface tension: a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid
how does salt dissolve in water
sodium is attracted to partially negative charge because it is positively charged, and chlorine is attracted to the partially positive charge because it is negatively charged
kinetic energy is
kinetic energy is the energy of motion
potential energy is
what is an isotope
the same element, but with a different number of neutrons, therefore a different atomic mass
polarity of water
water molecule is partial negative near oxygen and partial positive near hydrogen, therefore it is polar
what is an acid
an acid can donate hydrogen ions
what is a base
a base can remove hydrogen ions
what is the role of buffers
they resist a change a ph, dont let ph fluctuate as much
what are structural isomers
what breaks down cellulose
saturated fatty acids
have maximum number of hydrogen atoms, will be solid at room temperature
unsaturated fatty acids
have one or more double bonds, are liquid at room temperature
phospholipids
phosphate heads love water, lipid tails hate water
secondary structure has:
alpha helix and beta pleated sheat
what is denaturation
protein loses its normal shape and is nonfunctioning, mainly caused by pH and high temperatures
what is a pyrmidine
has one ring, cytosine, thymine, uracil
pyrisine
has two rings, ademine and guanine
All cells have
ribosomes (make proteins) and chromosomes
site of protein synthesis
ribosomes, on outside of endoplasmic reticulum
who is not a member of the endomembrane system
mitochondria, chloroplasts, peroxisomes
who are members of the endomembrane system
nuclear envelope, er, golgi,
who has chloroplasts?
what are the components of the cytoskeleton
**know properties of the components
what is diffusion
going down its concentration gradient
what gives a high entropy
when everything is nice and spread out
how is the energy of activation lowered
3 sodiums go out of the cell, 3 potassiums are coming back in
osmoregulation refers to the solute
more solute = hyper, less solute = hypo
where do things move, 80% to 20% or 20% to 80% and which is hypo or hyper
80% water, the inside has 20% salt so water moves towards higher concentration gradient, if inside has more water than outside than water moves outside bc that means there is more salt on the outside
it is isotonic when it is the same
