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Bio 4 Midterm 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

basic features of all cells

A

plasma membrane, cytosol (semifluid substance), chromosomes (carry genes), ribosomes (make proteins)

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2
Q

what are prokaryotic cells characterized by?

A

no nucleus, DNA in nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane

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3
Q

what are eukaryotic cells characterized by?

A

DNA in nucleus bounded by a nuclear envelope, membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm in region between plasma membrane and nucleus

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4
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

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5
Q

how is volume affected as cell increases in size?

A

as cell increases in size, the volume grows proportionately more than its surface area

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6
Q

What does plant cell have that animal cell does not?

A

have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole

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7
Q

what do animal cells have that plant cells do not?

A

have a centrosome

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8
Q

how do ribosomes work with the DNA?

A

ribosomes use information from the DNA to make proteins

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9
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

contains most of the cells genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

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10
Q

what is the nuclear envelope?

A

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

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11
Q

what is the nuclear membrane?

A

a double membrane, each consisting of a lipid bilayer

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12
Q

what is chromatin?

A

the dna and proteins of chromosomes together

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13
Q

why does chromatin condense?

A

chromatin condenses to form discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide

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14
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

dna is organized into discrete units called chromosomes in the nucleus

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15
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

ribosomes are complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein and carry out protein synthesis

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16
Q

where do ribosomes carry out protein synthesis?

A

cytosol (free ribosomes), outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

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17
Q

what is the function of the endomembrane system?

A

the endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

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18
Q

what does the endomembrane system consist of?

A

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane

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19
Q

what does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

the endoplasmic reticulum accounts for more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells, Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, Rough ER: has ribosomes

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20
Q

what are the functions of the smooth er?

A

synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calcium ions

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21
Q

functions of the rough er?

A

has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins, distributes transport vesicles, secretory proteins, and is membrane factory for the cell

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22
Q

functions of the golgi apparatus?

A

modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

23
Q

what is a lysosome?

A

a lysosome is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules

24
Q

where do lysosomal enzymes work best?

A

in acidic environment inside the lysosome

25
Q

how is a food vacuole formed?

A

when a cell engulfs another cell by phagocytosis

26
Q

what do lysosomes do?

A

fuse with food vacuole to digest molecules, and use enzymes to recycle cell’s own organelles and macromolecules in a process called autophagy

27
Q

what are vacuoles?

A

large vesicles derived from the ER and golgi apparatus

28
Q

What do central vacuoles do?

A

Only found in plants, they hold organic compounds and water

29
Q

what do contractile vacuoles do?

A

found in protists, they pump excess water out of cells

30
Q

What are mitochondria

A

Mitochondria are sites of cellular respiration

31
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

32
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis for plants and algae

33
Q

what are peroxisomes?

A

oxidative organelles

34
Q

what is not part of the endomembrane system?

A

mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisomes

35
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

Suggests that an early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell, wehre the engulfed cell and host formed a relationship and evolved into mitochondria

36
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

In leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae (protists)

37
Q

chloroplast structure includes

A

thylakoids and stroma (internal fluid)

38
Q

what do peroxisomes do?

A

produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to hydrogen and oxygen

39
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that organizes cell’s structures and activities, and anchors organelles

40
Q

what is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

41
Q

all cells have?

A

ribosomes and chromosomes

42
Q

what is the role of the cytoskeleton?

A

to support the cell and maintain its shape, interacts with motor proteins

43
Q

what are the components of the cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules: thickest, microfilaments (actin): thinnest, intermeditate: diameters in middle range

44
Q

microtubules:

A

tubulin polymers; hollow rods 25 nm, function to shape cell, guide movement, and separate chromosomes during cell division

45
Q

microfilaments:

A

actin filaments: two intertwined strands of actin, 7 nm, tension-bearing elements, contraction, division of animal cells, also contain myosin, resist pulling forces in cell, bear tension

46
Q

intermediate filaments:

A

fibrous proteins coiled into cables, anchorage of nucleus, 8-12 nm, fix organelles in place

47
Q

what are centrosomes?

A

in animal cells, microtubules grow out of centrosome (called microtubule organizing center)

48
Q

what is cytoplasmic streaming?

A

a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, which speeds distribution of materials within cell

49
Q

what is the cell wall?

A

an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells

50
Q

who has cell walls?

A

prokaryotes, fungi, and some unicellular eukaryotes

51
Q

purpose of the cell wall

A

protect plant cell, maintain its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water

52
Q

what are plant cell walls made of?

A

cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

53
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

animal cells are covered in the ECM, made up of gylcoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

54
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

animal cells are covered in the ECM, made up of gylcoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

Bio 4 Midterm 1 (9 decks)

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