Chapter 2

Question 1

What is matter?

Answer 1

Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass, it consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds

Question 2

Element vs. Compound

Answer 2

An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances, meanwhile a compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Question 3

What are the subatomic particles that atoms are composed of?

Answer 3

Neutrons (neutral), Protons (positive), Electrons (negative)

Question 4

What forms the atomic nucleus?

Answer 4

Neutrons and Protons, Electrons surround the nucleus in a cloud

Question 5

What is an elements atomic number?

Answer 5

The number of protons in that element’s nucleus

Question 6

What is an elements atomic mass?

Answer 6

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus

Question 7

What is the maximum number of electrons on the 1st shell?

Answer 7

2

Question 8

What is the maximum number of electrons on the 2nd shell?

Answer 8

8

Question 9

If an element has 13 electrons, how many are on the outermost shell?

Answer 9

2 + 8 = 10, 13 - 10 = 3

Question 10

How many electrons in the 3rd shell is considered to be stable?

Answer 10

8 electrons

Question 11

How many electrons does each orbital hold?

Answer 11

each orbital holds 2 electrons

Question 12

What is an isiotope?

Answer 12

Isotopes are two atoms of the same element that differ in number of neutrons, therefore differ in atomic mass

Question 13

What is the definition of energy?

Answer 13

Energy is the capacity to cause change

Question 14

What is the definition of potential energy?

Answer 14

Potential energy is the energy that matter has because of its location or structure

Question 15

What is the potential energy of an electron determined by?

Answer 15

It is determined by the electron shell that it is on; 1st shell has lowest potential energy (lost energy) & 3rd shell has the highest potential energy (absorbed energy)

Question 16

What are valence electrons?

Answer 16

Valence electrons are those in the outermost shell aka valence shell, which mostly determines the chemical behavior of an atom. For example, an element with full valence shells are considered chemically inert

Question 17

What is a covalent bond vs a chemical bond?

Answer 17

A covalent bond is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms and they count as part of each atom’s valence shell. In a chemical bond, atoms transfer or strip each other of valence electrons.

Question 18

What is an atom’s valence?

Answer 18

An atom’s bonding capacity

Question 19

What is electronegativity?

Answer 19

Electronegativity is an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond, so the more electronegative an atom is, the more strongly it pulls shared electrons towards itself

Question 20

What happens in a nonpolar covalent bond?

Answer 20

The atoms share the electron equally

Question 21

What happens in a polar covalent bond?

Answer 21

One atom is more electronegative, therefore the atoms don’t share the electron equally (each atom has a partial positive or partial negative charge)

Question 22

Cation vs Anion

Answer 22

Cation is positively charged, Anion is negatively charged

Question 23

What is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 23

A hydrogen bond forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom, in living cells these electronegative partners are usually Oxygen and Nitrogen

Question 24

List bonds from strongest to weakest

Answer 24

Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen, Van der Waal forces

Question 25

What are Van der Waals interactions?

Answer 25

Van der Waals interactions are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges, they are the weakest

Question 26

Reactants and Products in a Chemical Reaction

Answer 26

Reactants are what you start with and products are what you end with