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Bio 4 Midterm 1 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does an organisms metabolism do?

A

an organisms metabolism transforms matter and energy

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2
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules

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3
Q

how does a metabolic pathway begin and end and what happens each step?

A

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product, is catalyzed for every step by a specific enzyme

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4
Q

what are catabolic pathways?

A

catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simple compounds

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5
Q

what is an example of catabolism?

A

cellular respiration: the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen

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6
Q

what is an anabolic pathway?

A

anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

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7
Q

what is an example of an anabolic pathway?

A

synthesis of protein from amino acids

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8
Q

define energy

A

energy is the capacity to cause change and exists in various forms

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9
Q

what is thermal energy (heat)

A

kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules

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10
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

the study of energy transformations

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11
Q

what happens in an isolated system?

A

an isolated system is unable to exchange energy with surroundings

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12
Q

what happens in an open system?

A

energy and matter can be transferred between a system and its surroundings

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13
Q

first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy of the universe is constant, cannot be created or destroyed

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14
Q

second law of thermodynamics?

A

during every energy transfer, some energy is unusable and is lost as heat; it increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

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15
Q

what are spontaneous processes?

A

spontaneous process dont require energy and can happen quick or slow, they increase entropy of the universe

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16
Q

what tells us whether a reaction is spontaneous or not?

A

free energy change

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17
Q

what is free energy change Change in G

A

a living systems free energy is energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform

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18
Q

which processes have a negative G?

A

spontaneous processes have a negative G

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19
Q

what is free energy a measure of?

A

free energy is a measure of a systems instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state

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20
Q

free energy in a spontaneous change?

A

during a spontaneous change, free energy decreases and stability of a system increases

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21
Q

define exergonic reaction

A

an exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous

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22
Q

define endergonic reaction

A

an endergonic reaction absorbs free energy from it surroundings and is nonspontaneous

23
Q

group words together with spontaneous

A

a spontaneous reaction doesn’t require energy, it is catabolic because catabolic reactions lose energy, they are exergonic because they release free energy, a release of free energy means a -G

24
Q

group words together with nonspontaneous

A

nonspontaneous reactions require energy, anabolic reactions need energy, they are endergonic because it takes in energy which results in a +G

25
Q

are cells in equilibrium?

A

no because they are open systems and constantly experience a flow of materials

26
Q

what types of work do cells do?

A

chemical, transport, mechanical

27
Q

what is energy coupling?

A

cells managing energy resources by energy coupling, the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

28
Q

what is ATP

A

ATP is the cell’s energy chuttle

29
Q

what is ATP made of?

A

ATP is made of a ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups

30
Q

when is energy released from ATP?

A

energy is released from ATP when the terminal phosphate bond is broken

31
Q

what does ATP hydrolysis lead to?

A

ATP hydrolysis leads to a change in protein shape and binding ability

32
Q

How do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions?

A

enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers

33
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

34
Q

what is an enzyme

A

an enzyme is a catalytic protein

35
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called the free energy of activation

36
Q

what is activation energy often supplied in the form of?

A

activation energy is often supplied in the form of thermal energy that reactant molecules absorb from their surroundings

37
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier

38
Q

do enzymes affect the change in free energy?

A

no, they just hasten reactions that would have already occurred

39
Q

What is a substrate?

A

a substrate is the reactant that an enzyme acts on

40
Q

What is an enzyme-substrate complex

A

when the enzyme binds to its substrate

41
Q

what is the active site?

A

the active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

42
Q

what is induced fit?

A

induced fit of a substrate brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

43
Q

how can the active site lower the activation energy barrier?

A

by orienting substrates correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing a favorable microenvironment, and covalently bonding to the substrate

44
Q

What can affect an enzymes activity?

A

environmental factors such as temperature and pH

45
Q

what do optimal conditions do?

A

optimal conditions favor the most active shape for the enzyme molecule

46
Q

what are cofactors?

A

cofactors are nonprotein enzyme helpers

47
Q

what are competitive inhibitors?

A

competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme and compete with a substrate

48
Q

what are noncompetitive inhibitors?

A

they bind to another part of the enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective

49
Q

what is allosteric regulation?

A

allosteric regulation may either inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity

50
Q

when does allosteric regulation occur?

A

it occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the proteins function at another site

51
Q

what are allosterically regulated enzymes made from?

A

made from polypeptide subunits

52
Q

what does binding an activator do?

A

stabilizes the active form of the enzyme

53
Q

what does binding an inhibtor do?

A

binding an inhibitor stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme

54
Q

what is cooperativity?

A

a type of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity

Bio 4 Midterm 1 (9 decks)

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