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Bio 4 Midterm 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four classes of large biological molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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3
Q

What are monomers?

A

The repeating units that serve as building blocks

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4
Q

Which 3 of the 4 molecules are polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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6
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, less Oxygen

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7
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

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8
Q

What are amino acids made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur

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9
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphates

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10
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that make or break down polymers

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11
Q

When does a dehydration reaction occur?

A

A dehydration reaction occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule, removes a water molecule to form a new bond

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12
Q

How are polymers disassembled to monomers?

A

through hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction (breaks apart polymers), adding a water molecule that breaks a bond

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers of sugars (polysaccharides), simplest sugars are monosachharides

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14
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides, this is called a glycosidic linkage

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15
Q

What is starch?

A

starch is a storage polysaccharide of plants, that consists entirely of glucose monomers, the simplest form of starch is amylose (surplus starch is stored within chloroplasts and other plastids)

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16
Q

What are the two types of starch?

A

Amylose (unbranched), Amylopectin (somewhat branched)

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17
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals and is stored mainly in liver and muscle cells, hydrolysis of glycogen in these cells releases glucose when there is a demand for sugar

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18
Q

Is glycogen branched or unbranched?

A

Branched

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19
Q

What is cellulose?

A

the polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, it is unbranched

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20
Q

How does cellulose breakdown?

A

Cellulose in food passes through as an “insoluble fiber”, some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose, enzymes that digest start cant hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose

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21
Q

What is chitin?

A

Chitin is another structural polysaccharide that is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods, provides structural support for cell walls of fungi, is embedded in proteins

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22
Q

What are lipids?

A

Lipids do not include true polymers, they mix poorly with water and are hydrophobic, consist of hydrocarbons that form nonpolar covalent bonds and are hydrophobic

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23
Q

what are fats constructed from

A

fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids , they are triglycerides

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24
Q

what are saturated fatty acids

A

have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds, most animal fats

25
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids

A

have one or more double bonds, most plant and fish fats

26
Q

how do saturated fatty acids behave at room temp compared to unsaturated

A

saturated: solid, unsaturated: liquid

27
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

28
Q

what is the major function of fats?

A

energy storage, cushion vital organs, insulate the body, store long-term food reserves

29
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate that are attached to a glycerol

30
Q

which parts of a phospholipid are hydrophobic?

A

the phosphate head is hydrophilic, the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic

31
Q

what are steroids?

A

steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

32
Q

what is cholesterol?

A

a type of steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes

33
Q

What are proteins constructed of?

A

Amino acids, polypeptides are unbranched polymers built from these amino acids, a protein consists of one or more polypeptides

34
Q

what are amino acids?

A

amino acids are organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups, differing side chains due to differing R groups

35
Q

What is the polymer of amino acids?

A

polypeptides, amino acids are linked by covalent bonds called peptide bonds

36
Q

what does a functional protein consist of?

A

one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, coiled, into a unique shape

37
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

its unique sequence of amino acids, determined by genetic information

38
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

39
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

determined by interactions among the various side chains (R groups), the overall shape of the polypeptide

40
Q

Quaternary structure results when?

A

a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains to form a macromolecule

41
Q

what are the typical secondary structures?

A

a coil called an alpha helix and a folded structure called a beta pleated sheet

42
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides, two alpha and two beta chains

43
Q

what can cause a protein to denature?

A

alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature

44
Q

define denaturation

A

the loss of a protein’s native structure, becomes biologically inactive

45
Q

what are chaperonins?

A

chaperonins are protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

46
Q

What is the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide programmed by?

A

a gene, they consist of DNA: a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides

47
Q

what are nucleic acids made of, their monomer

A

monomers called nucleotides

48
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic,

49
Q

what is gene expression?

A

the process of DNA directing synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and through it, controls protein synthesis

50
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A

a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups (portion without phosphate group is nucleoside)

51
Q

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

A

Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil): has 1 ring (6 members)
Purines (adenine, guanine): has 2 rings (6 membered & 5 membered)

52
Q

In DNA the sugar is … In RNA the sugar is….

A

deoxyribose, ribose

53
Q

what is a nucleotide made of??

A

a nucleoside and a phosphate group

54
Q

what does deoxyribose mean?

A

without oxygen

55
Q

base pairing rules for DNA

A

A and T, G and C

56
Q

base pairing rules for RNA

A

A and U, G and C

57
Q

base pairing rules for RNA

A

A and U, G and C

58
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between a and t

A

2

59
Q

how many hydrogen bonds are between g and c

A

3

Bio 4 Midterm 1 (9 decks)

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