Chapter 4 Flashcards
How does carbon play a role in living organisms?
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds. Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates are all composed of carbon compounds
How many covalent bonds can Carbon form?
4
What are the most frequent partners of carbon?
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
What are hydrocarbons?
Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only hydrogen and carbon, they can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy
What are isomers?
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
What are structural isomers?
Have different covalent arrangements of their atoms (Both have 12 hydrogens and 5 carbons, but they are arranged differently)
What are Cis-trans isomers?
Cis-trans isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements, may be on opposite sides
What are enantiomers?
Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other, usually only one is biologically active and one is ineffective
What are functional groups?
Functional groups are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions, the number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties
What are the 7 functional groups?
hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl, methyl
Hydroxyl Group
-OH, known as alcohol
Carbonyl Group
> C = O, known as ketone aldehyde
Carboxyl Group
-COOH, known as carboxylic acid or organic acid
Amino Group
-NH2, known as amine
Sulfhydral Group
-SH, known as thiol
