In Class Notes (4/7, 4/11, 4/16, & 4/18)

Question 1

The Stanford Prison Experiment did not replicate; no mock arrests occurred, and participants were told roles could change at random.

Answer 1

Replicating Zimbardo: Reicher & Haslam (2006)

Question 2

Argued that the guards in Zimbardo’s study were influenced by the experimenters rather than acting independently.

Answer 2

Haslam et al. (2019)

Question 3

Offered multiple critiques of Zimbardo’s experiment: borrowed from a prior study, guards knew desired outcomes, participants weren’t immersed, and data was biased.

Answer 3

Le Texier (2019)

Question 4

A branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science; asks what science is and how it works.

Answer 4

Philosophy of Science

Question 5

The study of what can be known — questions the nature of reality.

Answer 5

Ontology

Question 6

The study of how we know things — explores the nature and scope of knowledge.

Answer 6

Epistemology

Question 7

The role of values and beliefs in shaping what we know or consider knowledge.

Answer 7

Axiology

Question 8

The process or set of methods used to generate knowledge.

Answer 8

Methodology

Question 9

A group of theories aiming to challenge and abolish social injustice; critiques dominant/normative perspectives.

Answer 9

An Anti-Oppressive Paradigm: Critical Theory

Question 10

Includes: Critical race theory, decolonial/postcolonial theory, feminist theory, queer theory.

Answer 10

Examples of Critical Theory

Question 11

Racism is systemic and embedded in society; not just a matter of individual prejudice, but a cultural and structural norm.

Answer 11

Tenet 1 of Critical Race Psychology

Question 12

Focusing on individual differences masks systemic racism. Objectivity and identity-blind research often push important perspectives to the margins.

Answer 12

Tenet 2 of Critical Race Psychology

Question 13

Interest convergence: support for racial justice tends to occur only when it aligns with the interests of White Americans.

Answer 13

Tenet 3 of Critical Race Psychology

Question 14

White identity is treated as a valuable asset that provides unearned advantages; research on race often centers White perspectives.

Answer 14

Tenet 4 of Critical Race Psychology

Question 15

People tend to like each other more when the social situation brings them into repeated contact:

Answer 15

Proximity

Question 16

Familiarity with something or someone increases our liking. More proximal → more familiar → more liking:

Answer 16

Familiarity

Question 17

Tendency to prefer stimuli that we have seen frequently:

Answer 17

Mere Exposure

Question 18

Attendance (0, 5, 10, or 15 times) was _________ related to liking:

Answer 18

Positively

Question 19

We are more likely to form close relationships with those who share our values and beliefs; it’s easier and more reinforcing:

Answer 19

Similarity

Question 20

Romantic couples tend to be similar in age, class, race, education, attractiveness, values, and attitudes:

Answer 20

Couple Similarity

Question 21

About 40% of Americans have friends they’ve only met ______:

Answer 21

Online

Question 22

The sense that there are others available to help us, even if we don’t receive help directly, is linked to happiness and well-being:

Answer 22

Perceived Social Support

Question 23

The actual support and help one receives from others buffers stress and leads to positive outcomes, although not always welcomed:

Answer 23

Received Social Support

Question 24

Based on caring, warmth, acceptance, and social support; develops a greater sense of closeness over time and a sense of “we”:

Answer 24

Intimate Relationships

Question 25

Tendency to communicate frequently, without fear of reprisal and in an accepting and empathetic manner:

Answer 25

Reciprocal Self-Disclosure

Question 26

Sprecher (1987) found that among 50 straight, college-aged couples, the self-disclosure received was ________ related to affection from their partner:

Answer 26

Positively

Question 27

Relationships in which each partner keeps track of contributions; focused on fairness and equity.:

Answer 27

Exchange Norms

Question 28

Close relationships where partners give support without keeping score, aiming to meet each other’s needs regardless of cost:

Answer 28

Communal Norms

Question 29

Clark et al. (2010) studied 108 couples before and after marriage; participants rated their ideal, self, and partner in response to communal vs. exchange norms. _________ norms were preferred across all conditions and time points:

Answer 29

Communal

Question 30

Relying on each other to meet needs and goals, creating a deep and nuanced understanding of each other:

Answer 30

Interdependence

Question 31

Unhealthy emotional reliance on others, often marked by dysfunction and imbalance:

Answer 31

Codependence

Question 32

A model of love composed of three components:

Answer 32

Triangular Model of Love

Question 33

Meta-analysis of 7,332 people in 25 countries found that the Triangular Model of Love _____ across cultures:

Answer 33

Applied

Question 34

Descriptions of how people relate to others in close relationships; formed in childhood and relatively stable over time:

Answer 34

Attachment Styles