In Class Notes (2/26 and 2/28) Flashcards
Individuals seek out information from others in order to determine how to act:
Social Referencing
Our ABCs communicate to others, and we also understand others’ ABCs through ______:
Emotions
Emotions that are based primarily on the arousal produced by the Sympathetic Nervous System. Requires limited cognitive processing, occur quickly without much thought or interpretation, and are culturally universal:
Basic Emotions
A study that investigated whether people around the world can identify emotions from cultural others. Pictures of white people displaying different emotions were shown to individuals in New Guinea, who were asked to name the emotions:
Ekman and Friesen (1971) Study
A meta-analysis (study of studies) examining basic emotions across cultures:
Elfenbein and Ambady (2002) Study
The manner in which an individual frames their conception of the self, based on cultural contexts:
Self-Construals
A self-construal where the self is seen as an autonomous, independent person, separate from the social context, bounded, unitary, and stable. Internal and private abilities, thoughts, and feelings are emphasized. Others play a role in self-evaluation, and self-esteem is based on expressing oneself and validating internal attributes
Independent Self-Construal
A self-construal where the self is fundamentally connected to a social unit, situated within a social context, and seen as flexible and variable. External and public roles and relationships are emphasized. Others help define the self, and self-esteem is based on adjusting and maintaining harmony with others:
Interdependent Self-Construal
A theory proposing that individualistic cultures foster independent self-construals, leading to emotional expression patterns typical of White Americans/Europeans, while collectivistic cultures foster interdependent self-construals, leading to emotional expression patterns typical of East Asians:
Self-Construal Theory (Markus and Kitayama, 1991)
While emotions are physiologically similar across cultures, their ________ and _______ vary:
Expression; Interpretation
Cultural norms that dictate how emotions should be expressed appropriately, including what emotions are acceptable to show and how different expressions should be interpreted:
Display Rules
Concealing the expression of emotions (universally experienced):
Suppression of Emotional Expression
Consequences of Suppression are Culturally ________:
Informed
Soto et al. (2011) Emotional Suppression Study Results:
White Americans: Suppression increased depression and lowered life satisfaction
Hong Kong Chinese: Suppression was unrelated to depression and life satisfaction
Describes emotions in terms of intensity and valence (positivity or negativity):
Affective State
The emotional state believed to be ideal, which is shaped by cultural influences:
Ideal Affective State
Seeking positive affect is ________, but the ideal type of positive affect ________ across cultures:
Universal; differs
Culture describes patterns but does not dictate _______, and it varies within groups rather than being ______:
Behavior; Uniform
