In Class Notes (2/7 and 2/10) Flashcards
The degree to which a cause-effect relationship can be established between two variables:
Internal Validity
Experiments are typically ____ in internal validity:
High
The degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific study to the population and broader settings:
External Validity
Experiments are typically ___ in external validity:
Low
The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions typical of everyday life:
Ecological Validity
If control increases, internal validity ______, and external validity _______:
Increases; Decreases
Participants provide data on their behavior during daily life (text surveys, recordings, physiological measurements, etc.):
Experience Sampling
Methods that capture the IV and/or the DV in a way that the participant is not aware of:
Subtle/Nonconscious Research
Benefits and Concerns of Subtle/Nonconscious Research (3):
-Benefits: Able to assess subconscious or deceptive behaviors.
-Concerns: Are the variables measuring the right thing? Does it apply to the real world?
The process by which exposing people to one stimulus makes certain thoughts, feelings, or behaviors more salient:
Priming
Agreement to participate in a study conditional on being given all necessary information to make a decision:
Informed Consent
The right to make choices and take action free from coercion:
Autonomy
The ability to decide what information is shared with others:
Privacy
Risks of Research (4):
Physical or psychological harm, violation of privacy, waste of resources, misleading.
Benefits of Research (5):
Treatments may help, learn about psychology, contribute to science, receive incentives, societal advancements.
Lying to participants is justifiable IF (4):
- It’s Necessary
- Benefits > Risks
- Participants aren’t harmed
- Informed participants ASAP
Informing participants about the true nature of the study and minimizing harm:
Debriefing
Objects or belongings of a group, including food, fashion, architecture, or physical structures. It reflects the historical, geographic, and social conditions of the culture:
Material Culture
Belief systems and value orientations that influence customs, norms, practices, and social institutions. Includes human processes and experiences:
Nonmaterial Culture / Culture
What does WEIRD stand for in cultural psychology?
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
What are some critiques of the WEIRD framework (3):
- It has a limited number of domains
- Ignores important differences
- Lacks a theoretical or empirical basis for the specific letters
Assumes human phenomena are basically the same in all cultures. Treats cultural variation as “noise” that can be statistically controlled for or ignored:
Mainstream Psychology
The search for universals in psychology. It treats culture as a variable, separate from the person, to generate a psychology valid across all humanity:
Cross-Cultural Psychology
A framework describing how culture affects values and behaviors of its members. Describes cultures, not individuals:
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Framework
Universalism without uniformity. Seeks to develop multiple psychologies where culture is inseparable from the person:
Cultural Psychology
How does cultural psychology differ from cross-cultural psychology?
Cultural psychology sees culture as inseparable from the person, while cross-cultural psychology treats culture as a variable that can be separated and studied.
