Important test review Flashcards
Cushing’s Disease
High cortisol levels for a long time.
The most common cause is the use of steroid drugs, -Can occur from overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.
Sx- Fatty hump between the shoulders, rounded face, heavy midsection, skinny limbs.
Treatment options include reducing steroid use, surgery, radiation, and medication.
Diabetic Retinopathy
1 cause of blindness in US adults: Diabetic retinopathy is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the tissue at the back of the eye (retina). Poorly controlled blood sugar is a risk factor.
Macular Degeneration
Macular degeneration involves the deterioration of the center of the retina or Macula. It controls our ability to read, recognize faces and colors, drive a car, and see objects in fine detail.
Risk Factors: Fam history, White, Smoking
Dry - 90%
Wet 10% (accounts for 90% of blindness)
Glaucoma
Glaucoma causes damage to the optic nerve, which carries information from your eyes to your brain. Globally, it’s the second leading cause of vision loss. This disease can’t be cured, and any vision lost to the disorder can’t be restored. Higher-than-normal pressure in the eye usually causes the disease.
Risks: +60yrs, Black, fam history, diabetes, severely nearsided
Urticaria
Hives are red, itchy welts that result from a skin reaction. May be triggered by substances or situations.
measles vs Chicken pox
Measles has a higher fever (up to 105) and chicken pox has milder (102). Measles rash is more dense.
Psoriasis
dysfunction of the immune system that causes inflammation in the body. Silvery, scaly plaques on yang side (elbows, knees)
The Auspitz sign refers to pinpoint bleeding that can occur when you scrape off psoriasis patch.
Can have discolored pitted fingernails.
Tinea corporus
Tinea is a fungal infection of the skin, also known as ringworm. This is because it can cause red patches on the skin in the shape of rings. It’s not caused by worms. It’s caused by different types of fungi.
Round circular rings around patch of scaly, red, itchy skin. V. Contagious
tx: Anti-fungal
Cellulitis
A common and potentially serious bacterial skin infection.
The bacteria enters the opening in skin and may spread rapidly. Affected skin appears swollen and red and may be hot and tender. Without treatment with an antibiotic, cellulitis can be life-threatening
Most common: Group A ß - hemolytic streptococcus (Strep) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Strep)
Closed angle Glaucoma
Fluid drainage of eye becomes suddenly blocked leading to sudden sx of severe eye pain and headache on same side. Blurry vision, rainbow around lights.
Different from thunderclap, which recedes after about hour in that its continuous.
Atopic Dermatitis
Eczema, yin side of body, usually develops in early childhood & is more common in people who have a family hx.
Often an allergy that is inherited and comes with asthma, hay fever and allergies. eczema opens skin to allergies.
Rash typically appears on the arms and behind the knees - can also appear anywhere.
Treatment includes avoiding soap and other irritants.
Diagnosed with skin prick testing
rubeola
Measles is a viral infection that’s serious for small children preventable by a vaccine.
Spreads through the air by respiratory droplets
Sx don’t appear until 10 to 14 days after exposure: They include cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, sore throat, fever, and a red, blotchy skin rash
No treatment to get rid of measles infection
Koplik spot looks like a small, bluish-white spot with a red background on the inside of the cheek. These spots are early oral signs of the measles virus, and they appear two or three days after measles symptoms begin, before rash.
varicella
Chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Causes a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness, and fever. Chickenpox used to be very common in the United States.
DVT, Deep Vein Thrombosis
Anything that prevents your blood from flowing or clotting normally can cause a blood clot.
main causes: damage to a vein from surgery or trauma & inflammation due to infection or injury.
Throbbing, cramping pain, swelling in 1 leg (rarely both legs), usually in the calf or thigh.
warm skin, red, dark around the painful area.
swollen veins that are hard or sore when you touch them.
most commonly treated with anticoagulants, also called blood thinners.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Numerous small cysts (fluid-filled sacs) that form in the ovaries.
LH:FSH @ leasat 2:1. HAIR AN snydrome
Hyper Androgenism - Androgen excess (facial hair)
Insulin Resistance -→ check glucose levels (diabetes)
Acanthosis Nigricans (dark skin around folds)
&
-Abnormal menstruation -obesity/overweight
Premature Ovarian Failure
Menopause before age 40.
In early menopause, the ovaries don’t produce normal amounts of the hormone estrogen or release eggs regularly. Infertility is common.
Endometriosis
Tissue that normally lines the uterus, grow outside the uterus on the ovaries, fallopian tubes or the intestines.
SX: pain and menstrual irregularities.
TX: hormones and excision via laparoscopic surgery
Munchausen
psychological disorder where someone pretends to be ill or deliberately produces symptoms of illness in themselves. Their main intention is to assume the “sick role” so that people care for them and they are the center of attention.
Guillain Barre syndromes
a rare disorder in which your body’s immune system attacks your nerves. Symptoms start as weakness and tingling in the feet and legs that spread to the upper body.
These sensations can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing your whole body
The condition may be triggered by an acute bacterial or viral infection.
two-thirds of patients report symptoms of an infection in the 6 weeks preceding including respiratory or a gastrointestinal infection or Zika virus.
Crohns
A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the whole lining of the digestive tract. Discontinuous throughout the whole GI.
Can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, and fatigue.
“Cobble stone intestines”
Ulcerative Colitis
Usually only in the innermost lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. Increased risk of developing colon cancer.
SX: rectal bleeding, bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and pain. Continuous.
Treatment includes medications and surgery.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Causes pain in the belly, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. Cause isn’t well understood.
SX: abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation.
Some people can control their symptoms by managing diet, lifestyle, and stress. Others will need medication and counseling.
colitis
An inflammatory reaction in the colon, often autoimmune or infectious.
Most common: 1. Ulcerative colitis
- Crohns 3. C Diff
cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder, a small, digestive organ beneath the liver.
Cholecystitis is often caused by stones that block the tube leading from the gallbladder to the small intestine.
Pain in RUQ
subarachnoid homhorrhage
Bleeding in the space between the brain and the tissue covering the brain.
A medical emergency, is usually from a bulging blood vessel that bursts in the brain (aneurysm). It may lead to permanent brain damage or death if not treated promptly.
The main SX is a sudden, severe headache.
TX: surgery or catheter-based therapy
Ischemic stroke
Ischemic strokes occur when blood supply is cut off to part of the brain. Accounts for the majority of all strokes. May be caused by a blood clot or by atherosclerosis, a disease which causes narrowing of the arteries over time.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
the less common type. It happens when a blood vessel breaks and bleeds into the brain. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. Causes include a bleeding aneurysm, an arteriovenous malformation (AVM), or an artery wall that breaks open. High blood pressure and trauma are two leading causes. Taking blood-thinning drugs may also increase a person’s risk.
CHF pedal edema
foot and ankle swelling is one of the cardinal signs of congestive heart failure on the Right side, because it is systemic. Left side is related to lungs.
Herpes Zoster conagion
Shingles, contagious until scabs form
Interstitial cystitis
irritating/painful bladder associated with pain during sex, pain in lower abdomen/back or pelvis. Feels similar to UTI but no infection, persistent urge to urinate.
No cure, but can help with lifestyle (sometimes antibiotics can help)
Basal Cell Carcinoma
A V common type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells.
This cancer typically appears as a white waxy lump or a brown scaly patch on sun-exposed areas, such as the face and neck.
Treatments include prescription creams or surgery to remove the cancer.
metastasis is extremely rare
pre-eclampsia
Usually after 20 weeks of pregnancy:
-High BP - Swelling hands &feet - protein inurine (no seizure)
Meds: Medications to lower bp, corticosteroid medications can temporarily improve liver and platelet function to help prolong your pregnancy, anticonvulsant medication, such as magnesium sulfate, to prevent a first seizure.
Eclampsia
Seizures that occur during a woman’s pregnancy or shortly after giving birth.
SX that signal an increasing risk include RUQ pain, severe headache, and vision and mental status changes.
Medication can treat and prevent seizures and reduce high blood pressure. The baby may need to be delivered early.
Cachexia
Wasting condition - a condition that causes extreme weight loss and muscle wasting (a symptom of many chronic conditions, such as cancer, chronic renal failure, HIV, and multiple sclerosis).
rubella (know specifics)
known by its distinctive red rash.
The disease can spread through direct contact with the saliva or mucus of an infected person, or through the air by respiratory droplets
appearance of a rash (exanthem) on the face which spreads to the trunk and limbs and usually fades after three days
Symptoms often appear two to three weeks after exposure, and also include mild fever and headache, enlarged neck lymph nodes, eye redness, headache, red rashes, or runny nose
MMR vaccine
Know what to look for lab tests for a heart attack
Troponin blood test - troponin is a protein which is released into the blood stream when the heart muscle is damaged. The troponin level provides a quick and accurate measure of any heart muscle damage.
Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)- Shows if the msucle of heart have been broken down (non specific), but best test for testinnng for second MI aftter a couple days.
Know what to look for lab tests for a heart attack
Troponin blood test - troponin is a protein which is released into the blood stream when the heart muscle is damaged. The troponin level provides a quick and accurate measure of any heart muscle damage.
CK-MB levels
CK-MB is normally undetectable or very low in the blood. Chest pain and increased CK levels plus elevated CK-MB indicate that it is likely that a person has recently had a heart attack. Levels that drop, then rise again after about 3 days may indicate a second heart attack and/or ongoing heart damage.
lab tests for Thyroiditis
Test TSH, T3, T4, thyroid antibody test
ESR blood test
An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a type of blood test that measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube that contains a blood sample. Normally, red blood cells settle relatively slowly. A faster-than-normal rate may indicate inflammation in the body.
Echocardiogram
checks how your heart’s chambers and valves are pumping blood through your heart. uses (standard or doppler) ultrasound technology to see how blood moves through your heart.
- An enlarged heart or thick ventricles (the lower chambers)
- Weakened heart muscles.
- Problems with your heart valves.
- Heart defects that you’ve had since birth.
- Blood clots or tumors.
Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Records the electrical signal from your heart to check for different heart conditions. Electrodes are placed on your chest to record your heart’s electrical signals -It is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the heart- which cause your heart to beat. The signals are shown as waves on an attached computer monitor or printer.
P, QRS, T
Ventricular depolarization QRS
- To look for the cause of chest pain.
- To evaluate problems which may be heart-related, such as severe tiredness, shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting.
- To identify irregular heartbeats.
Holter’s Monitor
A type of portable electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG). It records the electrical activity of the heart continuously over 24 hours or longer while you are away from the doctor’s office.
Can Dx irregular heartbeat or heart palpitations
TB
Mycobacterium (like fungus) - Cough, blood in sputum, night sweats, swollen lymph, Weak, weight loss.
When latent - asymptomatic.
Pnemonia
Cough, phlegm, chest pain, fever, trouble breathing, fast breathing, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, or wheezing, blood in sputum
Oscultattion - crackles and pops
Percussion - dull
Levine Scale
Measures Heart murmor
- very faint
- Faint ** (most important)
- Moderately loud
- Loud
- Very loud
- loudest
PET scan
The scan uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers. These tracers are either swallowed, inhaled, or injected into a vein in your arm depending on what part of the body is being examined
identify a variety of conditions, including cancer (and metastesis), heart disease and brain disorders
Hiatal hernias:
Sliding
Para-esophogeal
Sliding - slides above diaphragm
Para-esophogeal - slides to the side
Shows evidence of Peptic ulcer
FOBT - Fecal Occult Blood Test - can show peptic ulcer or colon cancer.
Also can use endoscopy.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Diagnosis
- Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
- Trans-rectal Ultrasonography
- Digital Rectal Exam
- Cytoscopy for prostate lobe visual
Type 1 & Type 4 hypersensitivity
Type 1 - (histamine -→ antibody 1gE) Asthma, Hay fever, food, eczema, anaphylaxis
Type 4 → Delayed - poison Ivy
Type IV hypersensitivity is often called delayed type hypersensitivity as the reaction takes several days to develop.[1] Unlike the other types, it is not antibody-mediated but rather is a type of cell-mediated response. This response involves the interaction of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages.
