Important test review

Question 1

Cushing’s Disease

Answer 1

High cortisol levels for a long time.
The most common cause is the use of steroid drugs, -Can occur from overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands.
Sx- Fatty hump between the shoulders, rounded face, heavy midsection, skinny limbs.
Treatment options include reducing steroid use, surgery, radiation, and medication.

Question 2

Diabetic Retinopathy

Answer 2

1 cause of blindness in US adults: Diabetic retinopathy is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the tissue at the back of the eye (retina). Poorly controlled blood sugar is a risk factor.

Question 3

Macular Degeneration

Answer 3

Macular degeneration involves the deterioration of the center of the retina or Macula. It controls our ability to read, recognize faces and colors, drive a car, and see objects in fine detail.

Risk Factors: Fam history, White, Smoking

Dry - 90%
Wet 10% (accounts for 90% of blindness)

Question 4

Glaucoma

Answer 4

Glaucoma causes damage to the optic nerve, which carries information from your eyes to your brain. Globally, it’s the second leading cause of vision loss. This disease can’t be cured, and any vision lost to the disorder can’t be restored. Higher-than-normal pressure in the eye usually causes the disease.

Risks: +60yrs, Black, fam history, diabetes, severely nearsided

Question 5

Urticaria

Answer 5

Hives are red, itchy welts that result from a skin reaction. May be triggered by substances or situations.

Question 6

measles vs Chicken pox

Answer 6

Measles has a higher fever (up to 105) and chicken pox has milder (102). Measles rash is more dense.

Question 7

Psoriasis

Answer 7

dysfunction of the immune system that causes inflammation in the body. Silvery, scaly plaques on yang side (elbows, knees)

The Auspitz sign refers to pinpoint bleeding that can occur when you scrape off psoriasis patch.

Can have discolored pitted fingernails.

Question 8

Tinea corporus

Answer 8

Tinea is a fungal infection of the skin, also known as ringworm. This is because it can cause red patches on the skin in the shape of rings. It’s not caused by worms. It’s caused by different types of fungi.

Round circular rings around patch of scaly, red, itchy skin. V. Contagious

tx: Anti-fungal

Question 9

Cellulitis

Answer 9

A common and potentially serious bacterial skin infection.
The bacteria enters the opening in skin and may spread rapidly. Affected skin appears swollen and red and may be hot and tender. Without treatment with an antibiotic, cellulitis can be life-threatening

Most common: Group A ß - hemolytic streptococcus (Strep) Streptococcus pneumoniae (Strep)

Question 10

Closed angle Glaucoma

Answer 10

Fluid drainage of eye becomes suddenly blocked leading to sudden sx of severe eye pain and headache on same side. Blurry vision, rainbow around lights.

Different from thunderclap, which recedes after about hour in that its continuous.

Question 11

Atopic Dermatitis

Answer 11

Eczema, yin side of body, usually develops in early childhood & is more common in people who have a family hx.

Often an allergy that is inherited and comes with asthma, hay fever and allergies. eczema opens skin to allergies.

Rash typically appears on the arms and behind the knees - can also appear anywhere.
Treatment includes avoiding soap and other irritants.

Diagnosed with skin prick testing

Question 12

rubeola

Answer 12

Measles is a viral infection that’s serious for small children preventable by a vaccine.
Spreads through the air by respiratory droplets
Sx don’t appear until 10 to 14 days after exposure: They include cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, sore throat, fever, and a red, blotchy skin rash
No treatment to get rid of measles infection

Koplik spot looks like a small, bluish-white spot with a red background on the inside of the cheek. These spots are early oral signs of the measles virus, and they appear two or three days after measles symptoms begin, before rash.

Question 13

varicella

Answer 13

Chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Causes a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness, and fever. Chickenpox used to be very common in the United States.

Question 14

DVT, Deep Vein Thrombosis

Answer 14

Anything that prevents your blood from flowing or clotting normally can cause a blood clot.
main causes: damage to a vein from surgery or trauma & inflammation due to infection or injury.
Throbbing, cramping pain, swelling in 1 leg (rarely both legs), usually in the calf or thigh.
warm skin, red, dark around the painful area.
swollen veins that are hard or sore when you touch them.
most commonly treated with anticoagulants, also called blood thinners.

Question 15

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Answer 15

Numerous small cysts (fluid-filled sacs) that form in the ovaries.

LH:FSH @ leasat 2:1. HAIR AN snydrome

Hyper Androgenism - Androgen excess (facial hair)

Insulin Resistance -→ check glucose levels (diabetes)

Acanthosis Nigricans (dark skin around folds)

&

-Abnormal menstruation -obesity/overweight

Question 16

Premature Ovarian Failure

Answer 16

Menopause before age 40.

In early menopause, the ovaries don’t produce normal amounts of the hormone estrogen or release eggs regularly. Infertility is common.

Question 17

Endometriosis

Answer 17

Tissue that normally lines the uterus, grow outside the uterus on the ovaries, fallopian tubes or the intestines.

SX: pain and menstrual irregularities.

TX: hormones and excision via laparoscopic surgery

Question 18

Munchausen

Answer 18

psychological disorder where someone pretends to be ill or deliberately produces symptoms of illness in themselves. Their main intention is to assume the “sick role” so that people care for them and they are the center of attention.

Question 19

Guillain Barre syndromes

Answer 19

a rare disorder in which your body’s immune system attacks your nerves. Symptoms start as weakness and tingling in the feet and legs that spread to the upper body.

These sensations can quickly spread, eventually paralyzing your whole body

The condition may be triggered by an acute bacterial or viral infection.

two-thirds of patients report symptoms of an infection in the 6 weeks preceding including respiratory or a gastrointestinal infection or Zika virus.

Question 20

Crohns

Answer 20

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the whole lining of the digestive tract. Discontinuous throughout the whole GI.

Can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, and fatigue.

“Cobble stone intestines”

Question 21

Ulcerative Colitis

Answer 21

Usually only in the innermost lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. Increased risk of developing colon cancer.

SX: rectal bleeding, bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and pain. Continuous.

Treatment includes medications and surgery.

Question 22

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Answer 22

Causes pain in the belly, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. Cause isn’t well understood.

SX: abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and constipation.

Some people can control their symptoms by managing diet, lifestyle, and stress. Others will need medication and counseling.

Question 23

colitis

Answer 23

An inflammatory reaction in the colon, often autoimmune or infectious.

Most common: 1. Ulcerative colitis

2. Crohns 3. C Diff

Question 24

cholecystitis

Answer 24

Inflammation of the gallbladder, a small, digestive organ beneath the liver.

Cholecystitis is often caused by stones that block the tube leading from the gallbladder to the small intestine.

Pain in RUQ

Question 25

subarachnoid homhorrhage

Answer 25

Bleeding in the space between the brain and the tissue covering the brain. A medical emergency, is usually from a bulging blood vessel that bursts in the brain (aneurysm). It may lead to permanent brain damage or death if not treated promptly. The main SX is a sudden, severe headache. TX: surgery or catheter-based therapy

Question 26

Ischemic stroke

Answer 26

Ischemic strokes occur **when blood supply is cut off to part of the brain**. Accounts for the majority of all strokes. May be caused by a blood clot or by atherosclerosis, a disease which causes narrowing of the arteries over time.

Question 27

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 27

the less common type. It **happens when a blood vessel breaks and bleeds into the brain**. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die. Causes include a bleeding aneurysm, an arteriovenous malformation (AVM), or an artery wall that breaks open. High blood pressure and trauma are two leading causes. Taking blood-thinning drugs may also increase a person's risk.

Question 28

CHF pedal edema

Answer 28

**foot and ankle swelling** is one of the cardinal signs of congestive heart failure on the Right side, because it is systemic. Left side is related to lungs.

Question 29

Herpes Zoster conagion

Answer 29

Shingles, contagious until scabs form

Question 30

Interstitial cystitis

Answer 30

irritating/painful bladder associated with pain during sex, pain in lower abdomen/back or pelvis. Feels similar to UTI but no infection, persistent urge to urinate. No cure, but can help with lifestyle (sometimes antibiotics can help)

Question 31

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Answer 31

A V common type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells. This cancer typically appears as a white waxy lump or a brown scaly patch on sun-exposed areas, such as the face and neck. Treatments include prescription creams or surgery to remove the cancer. metastasis is extremely rare

Question 32

pre-eclampsia

Answer 32

Usually after 20 weeks of pregnancy: -High BP - Swelling hands &feet - protein inurine (no seizure) Meds: **Medications to lower bp,** corticosteroid medications can temporarily improve liver and platelet function to help prolong your pregnancy, anticonvulsant medication, such as magnesium sulfate, to prevent a first seizure.

Question 33

Eclampsia

Answer 33

Seizures that occur during a woman's pregnancy or shortly after giving birth. SX that signal an increasing risk include RUQ pain, severe headache, and vision and mental status changes. Medication can treat and prevent seizures and reduce high blood pressure. The baby may need to be delivered early.

Question 34

## Footnote Cachexia

Answer 34

Wasting condition - a condition that causes extreme weight loss and muscle wasting (a symptom of many chronic conditions, such as cancer, chronic renal failure, HIV, and multiple sclerosis).

Question 35

rubella (know specifics)

Answer 35

known by its distinctive red rash. The disease can spread through direct contact with the saliva or mucus of an infected person, or through the air by respiratory droplets appearance of a rash (exanthem) on the face which spreads to the trunk and limbs and usually fades after three days Symptoms often appear two to three weeks after exposure, and also include mild fever and headache, enlarged neck lymph nodes, eye redness, headache, red rashes, or runny nose MMR vaccine

Question 36

Know what to look for lab tests for a heart attack

Answer 36

**Troponin blood test** - troponin is a protein which is released into the blood stream when the heart muscle is damaged. The troponin level provides a quick and accurate measure of any heart muscle damage. **Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)**- Shows if the msucle of heart have been broken down (non specific), but best test for testinnng for second MI aftter a couple days.

Question 37

Know what to look for lab tests for a heart attack

Answer 37

**Troponin blood test** - troponin is a protein which is released into the blood stream when the heart muscle is damaged. The troponin level provides a quick and accurate measure of any heart muscle damage.

Question 38

CK-MB levels

Answer 38

CK-MB is **normally undetectable or very low in the blood**. Chest pain and increased CK levels plus elevated CK-MB indicate that it is likely that a person has recently had a heart attack. Levels that drop, then rise again after about 3 days may indicate a second heart attack and/or ongoing heart damage.

Question 39

lab tests for Thyroiditis

Answer 39

Test TSH, T3, T4, thyroid antibody test

Question 40

ESR blood test

Answer 40

An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a type of blood test that measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube that contains a blood sample. Normally, red blood cells settle relatively slowly. A faster-than-normal rate may indicate inflammation in the body.

Question 41

Echocardiogram

Answer 41

**checks how your heart's chambers and valves are pumping blood through your heart**. uses (standard or doppler) ultrasound technology to see how blood moves through your heart. * An enlarged heart or thick ventricles (the lower chambers) * Weakened heart muscles. * Problems with your heart valves. * Heart defects that you've had since birth. * Blood clots or tumors.

Question 42

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

Answer 42

**Records the electrical signal from your heart** to check for different heart conditions. Electrodes are placed on your chest to record your heart's electrical signals -It is a graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the heart- which cause your heart to beat. The signals are shown as waves on an attached computer monitor or printer. P, QRS, T Ventricular depolarization QRS * To look for the cause of chest pain. * To evaluate problems which may be heart-related, such as severe tiredness, shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting. * To identify irregular heartbeats.

Question 43

Holter's Monitor

Answer 43

**A type of portable electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)**. It records the electrical activity of the heart continuously over 24 hours or longer while you are away from the doctor's office. Can Dx irregular heartbeat or heart palpitations

Question 44

TB

Answer 44

Mycobacterium (like fungus) - Cough, blood in sputum, night sweats, swollen lymph, Weak, weight loss. When latent - asymptomatic.

Question 45

Pnemonia

Answer 45

Cough, phlegm, chest pain, fever, trouble breathing, fast breathing, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, or wheezing, blood in sputum Oscultattion - crackles and pops Percussion - dull

Question 46

Levine Scale

Answer 46

Measures Heart murmor 1. very faint 2. Faint \*\* (most important) 3. Moderately loud 4. Loud 5. Very loud 6. loudest

Question 47

PET scan

Answer 47

The scan uses a special dye containing radioactive tracers. These tracers are either swallowed, inhaled, or injected into a vein in your arm depending on what part of the body is being examined identify a variety of conditions, including cancer (and metastesis), heart disease and brain disorders

Question 48

Hiatal hernias: Sliding Para-esophogeal

Answer 48

Sliding - slides above diaphragm Para-esophogeal - slides to the side

Question 49

Shows evidence of Peptic ulcer

Answer 49

FOBT - Fecal Occult Blood Test - can show peptic ulcer or colon cancer. Also can use endoscopy.

Question 50

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Diagnosis

Answer 50

* Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) * Trans-rectal Ultrasonography * Digital Rectal Exam * Cytoscopy for prostate lobe visual

Question 51

Type 1 & Type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 51

Type 1 - (histamine -→ antibody 1gE) Asthma, Hay fever, food, eczema, anaphylaxis Type 4 → Delayed - poison Ivy Type IV hypersensitivity is often called delayed type hypersensitivity as the reaction takes several days to develop.[1] Unlike the other types, it is not antibody-mediated but rather is a type of cell-mediated response. This response involves the interaction of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages.

Question 52

Immunoglobin FX

Answer 52

1gE - Allergic (Extra allergic) 1gG - Crosses the placenta (Girls make placenta) 1gA - Protects Mucus membrane (A vit strengthens mucus membrane) 1gM - First antibody with primary immune response (Men are more reactive)

Question 53

Types of Hernias

Answer 53

Direct Hernia - ++ older men - due to weakened abdominal wall Indirect Hernia - congenital, in infants because the inguinal ring fails to close up while a baby is in the mother’s womb Femoral Hernia - ++ Women - Femoral canal lies just below the inguinal ligament and lateral to the pubic tubercle.

Question 54

Kline Felter Syndrome

Answer 54

Male with female Characteristics, 47 XXY

Question 55

Turner Syndrome

Answer 55

Female, short, Heart disease Female 45 XO Turner syndrome is a chromosomal condition that affects development in females. The most common feature of Turner syndrome is short stature, which becomes evident by about age 5. An early loss of ovarian function (ovarian hypofunction or premature ovarian failure) is also very common.

Question 56

Marfan Syndrome

Answer 56

Long Arms and legs, HT Defects An inherited disorder that affects connective tissue. Marfan syndrome affects the heart, eyes, blood vessels, and bones. People with Marfan syndrome are tall and thin with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes. Treatment includes medications to keep blood pressure low, eyeglasses or contact lenses, and surgery.

Question 57

Fragile X Syndrome

Answer 57

Broad forehead, long face, indented chest Fragile X syndrome causes mild to severe intellectual disability. It affects both males and females, but females usually have milder symptoms. Symptoms include delays in talking, anxiety, and hyperactive behavior. Some people have seizures. Physical features might include large ears, a long face, a prominent jaw and forehead, and flat feet.

Question 58

Genetic Disorder Syndromes

Answer 58

Trisomy - 21 - Downs Syndrome (Drink) Down syndrome causes a distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, developmental delays, and may be associated with thyroid or heart disease. Trisomy - 18 - Edwards Syndrome (Election) A condition that causes severe developmental delays due to an extra chromosome 18. Symptoms include low birth weight, small abnormally shaped head, and birth defects in organs that are often life threatening. Deadly before birth or 1 yr Trisomy 13 - Patau's Synrome (puberty) Patau syndrome causes severe intellectual disability and physical defects.Most infants with this condition don't live past their first week of life. bnormally small head, birth defect with intestinal organs outside of body, failure to thrive, or low birth weight, cleft lip etc

Question 59

* -olol

Answer 59

Beta blockers - decrease heart rate (Side effect, bradychardia)

Question 60

-Pril

Answer 60

ACE inhibitors (**help relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure**.)

Question 61

-Pine

Answer 61

Calcium channel blocker **medications used to lower blood pressure**. They work by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and arteries. Calcium causes the heart and arteries to squeeze (contract) more strongly. By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers allow blood vessels to relax and open.

Question 62

Statin

Answer 62

antilipemic Hypolipidemic agents, cholesterol-lowering drugs or antihyperlipidemic agents

Question 63

-Hitr ??

Answer 63

Nitrates are medications used for treating or preventing [heart](https://www.medicinenet.com/heart_how_the_heart_works/article.htm) [pain](https://www.medicinenet.com/pain_management/article.htm) ([angina](https://www.medicinenet.com/angina_symptoms/article.htm), [chest pain](https://www.medicinenet.com/chest_pain/article.htm)) caused by [heart disease](https://www.medicinenet.com/heart_disease_coronary_artery_disease/article.htm), usually of the arteries in the heart. Vasodilatros. Contraindicaated with viagra.

Question 64

-Zosin/osin

Answer 64

Alpha Blocker **blood pressure medication**. They lower blood pressure by preventing a hormone called norepinephrine from tightening the muscles in the walls of smaller arteries and veins. As a result, the blood vessels remain open and relaxed.

Question 65

Kidney Stone types

Answer 65

80% - calcium oxalate (xray) 15% ammonium magnesium phosphate (xray) 5% uric acid (radiolucent - not xray) 1% cystine (radiolucent - not xray)

Question 66

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS)

Answer 66

the immune system attacks the calcium channels on nerve endings that are required to trigger the release of chemicals (acetylcholine). With fewer calcium channels, the nerve ending releases less acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that triggers muscle contraction. In people with LEMS, the lowered levels of acetylcholine are not sufficient to cause normal muscle contractions, causing muscle weakness.

Question 67

Nephrology

Answer 67

Cystoscopy - Bladder (urologist) Intersitial Cystitis - can be pain with intercourse PSA levels - prostate specific antigent DRE - Digital rectal exam Biopsy - definitive Elevated Creatine/BUN levels indicates KD disease

Question 68

Menenges Layers

Answer 68

IPAD (inside → outside) I- Brain P- Pia A- Arachanoid D- Dura

Question 69

Treating Types of Headaches

Answer 69

Migraine - Triptans (shrink blood vessels after migraine begins) Cluster - 02 Tension Headache - Relax, bath, massage, acetaminaphin, NSAID, Triptan

Question 70

Neurotransmitter that lowers alzheimers and Huntington's disease and increases Parkinsons

Answer 70

Acetylcholine

Question 71

Huntington's Disease

Answer 71

Choreiform Movements (involuntary, random, brief), aggression, depression, dementia

Question 72

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 72

Non -fluent, with intact comprehension (broken) Results from damage to a part of the brain called Broca's area, which is located in the frontal lobe, usually on the left side

Question 73

Wernicke's Aphasia

Answer 73

Fluent, wordy, but makes no sense. Comprehension is impaired. (fluent, but makes no sense)

Question 74

Global Aphasia

Answer 74

Both Wernicke's and Brocas. Non fluent and impaired comprehension.

Question 75

Aphasia most impacted by Cerbrovasculara accident

Answer 75

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) infarction: Contralateral paralysis Contralateral loss of sensation Motor aphasia

Question 76

Embolism VS Thrombus

Answer 76

Embolism (everywhere) - blood clot that travels via body and goes elsewhere Thrombus - Unbroken blood clot in the blood vessel

Question 77

Megoblastic Anemia

Answer 77

**a condition in which the bone marrow produces unusually large, structurally abnormal, immature red blood cells** (megaloblasts). **Folic acid/B9 and vitamin B12 deficiencies** are the leading causes

Question 78

HIV Measurements for DX

Answer 78

CD4 - below 200 → AIDS Opportunistic illnesses indicates AIDS

Question 79

Chronic Gastritis (type A)

Answer 79

characterized by progressive parietal cells destruction leading to hypochlorhydria and intrinsic factor **deficiency**. These alterations may result in vitamin B12 deficiency and iron malabsorption.

Question 80

TB

Answer 80

Cough, fever, chills, night sweats\* cough lasts 3+ weeks, unintentional weight loss, loss of appetite

Question 81

Lung cancer

Answer 81

cough, wheezing, SOB, uninntentional weight loss

Question 82

Pulmonary edema

Answer 82

Cough, pink frothy sputum, SOB, noisy bubbly breathing (fluid accumulation in airspace)

Question 83

orthostatic BP

Answer 83

Postural hyportension (head rush) drop inn systolic 20 and diastolic 10 after 3 mins = positive

Question 84

PSA testing for cancer at age

Answer 84

50yrs. If high risk - 40yrs Normal is 4ng/ml Intermediate is 4-10ng/ml High is 10ng/ml

Question 85

Medial Scapular Winging

Answer 85

(Sports injury) Serratus anterior and long Thoracic nerve becomes weakened or is destroyed

Question 86

Lateral Scapular winging

Answer 86

due to damage to the trapezius or rhomboid muscles. (Surgery/iatrogenic injury)

Question 87

Grade II ankle sprain

Answer 87

Partial tear Grade 1: stretching or small tear Grade 3: Complete tear

Question 88

TMain complication of Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 88

DKA ADiabetes Ketose Acidosis. Fruity smell. Ketones in blood in urine. Glucose higher than 150. Normally 500-800.

Question 89

Sign of breast cancer via nipple

Answer 89

Thickening of nipple and loss of elasticity

Question 90

Hypoglycemia symptoms

Answer 90

He IS TIRED He - Headache IS - Irritabale/Sweating T- Tachycardia I- irritabaility R - restless E - excessive hunger D - Dizzy

Question 91

Most common side effects of Ergotamine in treating migraine

Answer 91

Nausea and cold fingers and toes Ergotamine works by constricting blood vessels to reduce pain

Question 92

Side effects of drugs

Answer 92

Myalgia (pain in muscle/s) - Statins, which lower LDL GI Bleeding, tinnitus - NSAIDs (decrease inflammation, pain, and fever.) Tinnitus, Reyes syndrome (brain damage and liver function problems), asthma, GI bleeding - Aspirin (salicylate and NSAID), prevents blood clotting, lower fever, pain and inflammation. Flush - Niacin/Vitamin B3 - lowers LDL and increases HDL Nausea, cold fingers and toes - Ergotamine - treats migraines Acetaminophine (metabolized by liver works by changing the way the body senses pain and by cooling the body) - GI issues (safest for peptic ulcers), clay colored stool, rash

Question 93

Buerger's (small - medium vasculitis) disease is strongly associated with

Answer 93

Smoking tobacco Vasculitis is divided by the size of the vessel giant cell arthritis can cause same side blindeness

Question 94

Risk for breast Cancer

Answer 94

longer exposure to estrogen increases rx: Early Menarche (mestruation) Late meopause Pregnancy after 35 - late pregnancy increase rx Nulliparity - never pregnant

Question 95

Paget Disease of nipple

Answer 95

Red, scaling, flaking, bloody discharge, itching \<1% of breast cancer Requires needle biopsy

Question 96

NSAIDS inhibit formation of Statins Allopurinal Viagra

Answer 96

Prostaglandins HMG CoA reductase - Statin, lower cholesterol Xanthine oxidase production - allopurinal (chronic gout) enzyme converts Purines to Uric acid PDE5 - an enzyme in the walls of blood vessels. It affects blood flow and how cells signal within the body. ) - viagra

Question 97

screening exam for female over 50

Answer 97

general checkup every year mammogram every other year pap smear every 3 years

Question 98

Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 98

pituitary gland sends ADH to KD - So there is a lot of urine (diluted urine) Central DI - deficiency of ADH (vasaopressin) Nephrogenic DI - KD or nephron dysfunction Vasopressin - contracts blood vessel , retain water in body (ADH - antidiuretic hormone)

Question 99

differences between Crohn's and Ulcerative colitis

Answer 99

Crohn's disease has discontinuous lesions, anywhere in GI Ulcerative Colitis - continuous and always in rectum

Question 100

hormone produced by placenta that develops during pregnancy to hepl feed the baby.

Answer 100

Human chorionic somatotropin (hCS) AKA Human placental lactogen (hPl)

Question 101

Menstrual cramps are due to

Answer 101

Prostaglandins Uterus contracts to help expel lining.P Prostaglandin is involved in pain and inflammation trigger the uterine muscle contractions

Question 102

Cox-2 inhibitor reduces Cox 1 - protects

Answer 102

2- inflammation 1- GI Drugs that are Cox-2 inhibitors: -oxib

Question 103

Which drug is associated with miosis (constriction of pupil)

Answer 103

Heroin, oxycodone → opioids (life threatening → respiratory depression) Amphetamines - (yang) psychomotor agitation, tachycardia, high BP, pupillary dilation Cocaine - cocaine bug (feel like bugs crawling under skin), chest pain, pupillary dilation, psychomotor agitation, impaired judgement LSD - pupillary dilation, visual hallucination PCP - psychosis/violent/impulsive/agitated/ tachycardia,

Question 104

Pertussis and symptoms

Answer 104

Whooping cough a highly contagious respiratory tract infection. In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like "whoop." There's a vaccine. Can be treated with antibiotic. Sx: Cough: can be chronic or severe Nasal: congestion, runny nose, or sneezing Whole body: fatigue or fever Also common: paroxysmal cough, episodes of no breathing, vomiting, or watery eyes Tx: Antibiotics

Question 105

Laparoscopy is used for

Answer 105

Endometriosis (tissue is supposed to be in lining of endometrium) but the tissue is elsewhere, like ovaries, outside uterus (endometrioma/chocolate cyst) , abdomen, fallopian tubes

Question 106

Most common site of Ectopic pregnancy

Answer 106

Tubular, ampular area Can do an ultrasound to see

Question 107

Which of the following is not a key in identifying Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Answer 107

1. Anti - thyroid peroxidase antibodies 2. TSH 3. T4 \*T3 is not a crucial to test Hoshimotos ( teenagers usually had hyperthyroidism as a teenager Hypo - TSH is high and T4 is low Hyper- TSH is low and T4 is high

Question 108

Forms of estrogen hormones

Answer 108

E2 - Estra**dio**l (most common type in women in childbearing age) - (Dios willing, I'll get pregnant) E3- Estriol - (main during pregnancy) - (ol baby is in my belly) E1 - Estr**one** (only one/estrogen produced after menopause)

Question 109

How to listen to lung sounds

Answer 109

Step ladder approacah: Left, right, right left, left right etc Avoid scapula

Question 110

Signs of UTI

Answer 110

Upper UTI Upper back and flank pain, high fever, - Kidney infection - pyelonephritis Lower UTI lower ab discomfort , pelvic pressure, painful urination Bladder infection - Cystitis Pain or difficult urination, burning urination, discharge - urethritis

Question 111

Murphey's punch sign is used to diagnose infection of

Answer 111

Kidneys

Question 112

Upper and lower rerspirratory

Answer 112

upper - nasal, pharynx (air+food), larynx (Air) Lower- Trachea (air), bronchi, lungs

Question 113

Hemolytic Anemia

Answer 113

a disorder in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than they're made. Sickle cell anemia can cause (abnormal hemoglobin) - Pain -→ ER for morphine and IV fluid. 10% of blacks have sickle cell traits- causes pain, slight tachycardia, -→ fluid and morphine for pain

Question 114

Hiatal hernina

Answer 114

Stomach- Sliding- stomach slides up into the chest area b/c of weak diaphragm 90% Para-esophogeal - Stomach slides up adjacent to esophagus Incisional hernia - incision doesn't heal properly and organs push through.

Question 115

Drugs that lead to osteoperosis

Answer 115

Prednisone - steroids (can also increase blood sugar, BP, make ligaments weak, Cushing syndrome\_ PPI (Omeprazole)

Question 116

Examples of opportunistic infections (OIs)

Answer 116

Oral candidiasis (thrush) Pneumocystic jirovecii pneumonia Cryptococcal meningitis Disseminated myobacterium avium complex (MAC)

Question 117

Sporotrichosis

Answer 117

Rose pickers disease- fungal infection that are introduced into skin from thorn

Question 118

Pain while chewing food - jaw claudication - and pain pain while brushing hair, right above temple

Answer 118

Temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis) ESR test - inflammation- non specific Confirm with biopsy treat with high dose corticosteroids For Cluster headache - 100% O2

Question 119

Antagonist drug used for opioid intoxication

Answer 119

Naloxone - rapidly reversed effects of opioid toxicity Naltrexone - opioid antagonist used for long term treatment and is available in oral forms

Question 120

Contact Dermatitis

Answer 120

A form of eczema (itchy, swollen, rough skin) where skin comes in contact with chemical (dyes, laundry detergent, poison oak etc) and reacts with eczema Patch test use to Dx.

Question 121

Closed angle Glaucoma

Answer 121

Fluid drainage of eye becomes suddenly blocked leading to sudden sx of severe eye pain and headache on same side. Blurry vision, rainbow around lights. Different from thunderclap, which recedes after about hour in that its continuous.

Question 122

Eye disorders effect which parts of the eye

Answer 122

Glaucoma - optic nerve Macular degeneration- retina Cataracts - lens

Question 123

Retinal detachment

Answer 123

* painless * sudden appearance of floaters * blurred vision * reduced peripheral vision

Question 125

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Answer 125

Defective night vision from impacted retinal rods

Question 126

Cataracts is a build up of what on the lens?

Answer 126

Protein

Question 127

Dry vs Wet macular degeneration

Answer 127

Macular degeneration causes loss in the center of the field of vision. Dry - majority of cases - the center of the retina deteriorates. Druids (small white/yellow deposits on retina) With wet macular degeneration, leaky blood vessels grow under the retina. - causes majority of blindness- neurovascularization that pulls retina away causing blindness In age related MD, its always bilateral

Question 128

Open vs closed glaucoma

Answer 128

Optic nerve is affected- damaged by intraocular pressure and fluid buildup Open angle - more common, iris and move away from eachother. This condition is gradual and chronic. Sx not noticed. Closed angle - move toward each other, acute, fast, causes blurred vision, headache, nausea, eye pain, build up of fluid is fast Elevated pressure - over 21mmHG

Question 129

Corneal Abrasion

Answer 129

A corneal abrasion is a [_scratch_](https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/first-aid-eye-scratches), scrape on the surface of your [_cornea_](https://www.aao.org/eye-health/anatomy/cornea-103). Corneal Abrasion Symptoms * [_The feeling that something is stuck in your eye_](https://www.aao.org/eye-health/symptoms/feeling-of-something-in-eye) * [_Red_](https://www.aao.org/eye-health/symptoms/red-eye-3), [_painful_](https://www.aao.org/eye-health/symptoms/pain-in-eye-3), [_watery_](https://www.aao.org/eye-health/symptoms/tearing) eyes * [_Blurry_](https://www.aao.org/eye-health/symptoms/blurriness-2) or hazy vision * [_Being extra sensitive to light_](https://www.aao.org/eye-health/symptoms/light-sensitivity) _Dx_ Your ophthalmologist will put dye called [_fluorescein_](https://www.aao.org/eye-health/treatments/what-is-fluorescein-angiography) on your eye’s surface. Then they will look at your cornea with an instrument called a [_slit lamp_](https://www.aao.org/eye-health/treatments/what-is-slit-lamp). The dye will highlight a cut or scratch on the cornea.

Question 130

Diabetic Retinopathy

Answer 130

Retinopathy occurs when blood vessels in the back of the eye, the retina, become damaged. When the blood vessels become damaged they can leak and these leaks can cause dark spots on our vision. The main causes of retinopathy tend to be **sustained high blood glucose levels and high blood pressure as well**.