Common Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
Treatment of type 1 DM (diabetes)
1 - Insulin production is absent, 2- insulin production inadequate
A
Insulin replacement
exercise
healthy diet
2
Q
Main complication of Type 1 Diabetes
A
DKA ADiabetes Ketose Acidosis. Fruity smell. Ketones in blood in urine. Glucose higher than 150. Normally 500-800.
3
Q
SX of dehydration
A
- increased temperature, HT rate and breathing, BP goes down. Cramps, headache, tired.
60% body weight is water - Adult
40% intracellular fluid
20% extracellular fluid
4
Q
Treatment of Emphysema (damaged alveola) COPD
A
- stopsmoking
- inhaled bronchodialators (B agonist - albuterol - short acting)
- Corticosteroids - inhaled form
- Supplement oxygen
- Antibiotics if theres infection
5
Q
Sign of breast cancer via nipple
A
Thickening of nipple and loss of elasticity
6
Q
Peripheral Artery Disease
A
Blocks artery and muscle below starts to die:
1. Pain
2. Intermittent claudication, pulse present, ankle soreness
PAD - artery - central area
PVD- vein - limbs
3.
7
Q
Hypoglycemia symptoms
A
He IS TIRED He - Headache IS - Irritabale/Sweating T- Tachycardia I- irritabaility R - restless E - excessive hunger D - Dizzy
8
Q
Buerger’s (small - medium vasculitis) disease is strongly associated with
A
Smoking tobacco
Vasculitis is divided by the size of the vessel
giant cell arthritis can cause same side blindeness
(also known as thromboangiitis obliterans) affects blood vessels in the body, most commonly in the arms and legs. Blood vessels swell, which can prevent blood flow, causing clots to form. This can lead to pain, tissue damage, and even gangrene
9
Q
Acute Pancreatitis
A
Acute pancreatitis is a condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed (swollen) over a short period of time. The pancreas is a small organ, located behind the stomach, that helps with digestion.
GET SMASHED
Gall stone
Ethanol
Trauma
Steroid Mumps autoimmune scorpion bite hyperlipedemia ERCP Drugs
10
Q
Risk for breast Cancer
A
longer exposure to estrogen increases rx:
Early Menarche (mestruation)
Late menopause
Pregnancy after 35 - late pregnancy increase rx
Nulliparity - never pregnant
11
Q
Paget Disease of nipple
A
Red, scaling, flaking, bloody discharge, itching
<1% of breast cancer
Requires needle biopsy
12
Q
Most commonly ignored early warning signs of lung cancer
A
persistent cough
other signs include coughing blood, weight loss/weak, clubbing of finger nails - chronic hypoxia
13
Q
Hepatitis
A
Hep B - lives at least 7 days -
AB has vaccine
Hep C - 3 weeks
CDE - no vaccine
14
Q
Earliest signs of hypertension
A
Headache, vertigo, tinnitus, fainting, light heaaded (LV yang rising) spontaneous nosebleeds (can be asymtommatic
15
Q
Diabetes Insipidus
A
pituitary gland sends ADH to KD - So there is a lot of urine (diluted urine)
Central DI - deficiency of ADH (vasaopressin)
Nephrogenic DI - KD or nephron dysfunction
Vasopressin - contracts blood vessel , retain water in body (ADH - antidiuretic hormone)
16
Q
Degrees of burns
A
Superficial - 1st degree
Blister- 2nd degree
No pain - 3rd degree
Burns muscle/fascia - 4th degree
17
Q
Pink eye
A
Viral conjunctivitis - no treatment
- Allergic conjunctivits - vasoconstrictor
- Bacteril conjunctivitis - antibiotics
- Chemical conjunctivitis - irrigation (Morgan lens - irrigation system)
18
Q
Grade 1,2,3 Hypertension
A
I - 140-159/90-99
II - 160-179/10-109
III - <180/<110
19
Q
differences between Crohn’s and Ulcerative colitis
A
Crohn’s disease has discontinuous lesions, anywhere in GI
Ulcerative Colitis - continuous and always in rectum
20
Q
Lower GI bleeding
A
Diverticulosis
Mallory-weiss syndrome - excessive vomiting (upper GI bleed)
Varices - portal hypertension (upper GI bleed)
21
Q
usually present with Lower GI bleed and also can be present with severe upper GI bleed
A
Melena - bloody, dark, tarry stool - Lower GI & sometimes upper GI
Others:
Hematochezia - bloody, bright stool - Lower GI
Hematemesis - vomiting blood (upper GI)
Hematuria - blood in urine
22
Q
2 Aspects of Cirrhosis
A
- Liver cell dysfunction: Spider angiomata (spider veins), palmar erythema (red hands), gynecomastia (male has F breasts), enlarged liver, ascites ( fluid in the peritoneal cavity), jaundice
- Portal hypertension (backflow) - splenomegaly, esophageal varices (enlarged esophageal veins), caput medusa - vein engorgement in abdomen
23
Q
increases Homocysteine and increases MMA
A
Homocystein and MM (Methymalonic Acid)
- Folate deficiency- High homocysteine, low MMA
- B12 deficiency (related to pernicious anemia, Also related to neuropathy) - High Homocysteine and high MMA
Both microcytic anemia - hyper-segmented neutrophil
24
Q
Tumor markers for Ovarian Cancer
A
CA-125
25
Tumor marker for pancreatic cancer
C-19-9
26
Tumor marker for GI Cancer (esp colon)
CEA
27
Tumor marker for Liver Cancer, yolk sac (testiculara)
AFP
28
Tumor marker for prostate cancer
PSA
29
Due to mutation of CFTR gene
Cystic Fibrosis - Mucous in lung, difficulty breathting
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
Genetic disorder
30
differences between Crohn's and Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's disease has discontinuous lesions, anywhere in GI
Ulcerative Colitis - continuous and always in rectum
31
Test for urolithiasis (kidney stones)
Best test is renal CT - have to do before surgery
95% can be seen in x-ray
99% see in CT Scan but much more radiation
Mostly formed in kidney but can travel to ureter, bladder or urethra
32
Dopamin deficiency causes which Disease?
Parkinson's
Levodopa + carbidopa (prevents metabolism oof levodopa)
33
Pertussis
Whooping cough
34
Treatment of fibromyalgia
Aerobic exercise
Duloxetine (cymbalta) SNRI
Amitriptyline (Elavin) - tricyclic antidepressants
35
Treatment for fibromyalgia
exercise
Duloxetine (ymbalta) SNRI
Amitriptyline (Elavin) tricyclic antidepressant
36
Hodgkin's disease is cancer of
Lymphoma system
Lipoma - benign tumor of adipose/fat tissue
37
Hepatitis Facts
Photo
38
Signs of stroke
```
BE FAST
Balance
Eyes
Face drooping
Arms weak
Speech slurred
Time to call 911
```
39
2 types LU carcenoma
Small cell -15% (Poor prognosis)
non- small cell - 80-85% - different types
40
Temporal Arteritis
Giant cell arteritis
Inflammation of large vessels - aorta, external carotid, vertebral arteries
- jaw claudication (pain while chewing)- mostly positive for temporal arteritis -
Most feared outcome: One eye (monocular) blindness (predinsone treatment for inflammation)
Risk factor - polymyalgia rheumatica -inflammatory disorder that causes pain and stiffness in shoulder/hip girdle
>50, Female
- *Temporal artery biopsy confirms dx
- ESR will be high (over 50)
41
treating High cholesterol
Statins are best to lower LDL
| Niacin increases HDL - exercise is best
42
Acute Pancreatitis
Inflammation caused by the release of excessive pancreatic enzyme
I GET SMASHED
Gall Stones** (most common in acute)
Ethanol (alcohol)** (most common in chronic - also common in acute)
Trauma *
```
Steroid
Mumps Virus
Autoimmune diseases
Scorpion Stings
Hypertriglyceridema
ERCP
Drugs
```
Lipase and amylase increase in labs from pancreatitis
Abdominal main - mid-epigastric that radiates to back and may be relieved by sitting forward
- nausea vomit, fever
43
Chronic Pacreatitis Vs Acute Paancreatitis
```
Chronic
DM (High glucose)
Steatorrhea (fat in poop)
Peacreataic calcification on CT scan)
Alcohol #1 cause (#2 in acute) - Children - Cystic fibrosis #1 cause
```
Treatment for chronic: pain mgmt, angaalgesia, paancreataic enzyme, surgery,
Acute: Supportive: NPO (not by mouth - food/drink) IV fluid, antibiotic secondary
44
what significantly increases rx of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
Smoking ( also bladder cancer)
Aortic Aneurysm - more than 50% dilation of aortic wall
Barry Aneurism - brain - most commonly associated with atherosclerosis
Sx - abdominal masa, abdominal bruit
men 65-70, history of smoking - screened for AAA
Diagnosis -
>5.5 abdominal > 6cm thoracic - surgical repair
Symptomatic or ruptured aneurysm - surgical repair
45
Cellulitis
Infection of entire dermis and subcutaneous fat
Sx: red, warm, swollen, tender (inflammation), fever
Rx - diabetes, IV drug use, immune compromised, venous stasis
Treatment - antibiotics
46
Stasis dermatitis
fluid build up that leaves scaling, pigmetation - from chronic edema
47
Celliacs (Sprue)
Affects SI villi - villi atrophy, malabsorption problem
Rx to gluten
More common in Northern European ancestry. 1% population
Sx: Steatorrhea, dermatitis herpetirmitis
Treat: Gluten free diet
48
Aortic Dissection
Tear in the aorta in intima of a vessel that results in blood entering media
typically from hypertension
Sx- sudden tearing/ripping pain in anterior of chest in ascending dissection, inter-scapular back pain in descending dissection. Asymmetric pulses and BP.
49
MCV Anemia
MCV level
Microcytic - <80 fl - iron
Normocytic 80-100 fl
Macrocytic - >100 - vitamin B12 (pernicious anemia - one cause, also vegan, malabsoprition like celiac/Crohns, proton pump inhibitors) and folic acid/B9 deficiency (dietary insufficiency- main cause) (megaloblastic anemia - DNA synthesis impaired)
Parietal cells located within gastric mucosa are destroyed through autoimmune response so intrinsic factors is not produced so vitamin b12 is not absorbed without intrinsic factor (absorbed in ilium)
50
Treatment of type 1 DM (diabetes)
| 1 - Insulin production is absent, 2- insulin production inadequate
Insulin replacement
exercise
healthy diet
51
Addison's disease
A disorder in which the adrenal glands don't produce enough hormones.
Specifically, the adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of the hormone cortisol and sometimes aldosterone, too. When the body is under stress (e.g. fighting an infection), this deficiency of cortisol can result in a life threatening Addisonian crisis characterized by low blood pressure.
Symptoms tend to be non-specific and include fatigue, nausea, darkening of the skin, and dizziness upon standing.
Treatment involves taking hormones to replace those not produced by the adrenal glands.
52
Hematological Disorders
(Bleeding and Coagulations)
53
Sickle cell
A blood disorder that can lead to hemolytic (red blood cell) anemia, autoimmune, bone marrow failure or infection
Can come from blood transfusion or medication
Sx:
Pain areas: in the joints
Pain types: can be sudden in the chest
Whole body: dizziness, fatigue, low oxygen in the body, or malaise
Urinary: inability to make concentrated or dilute urine or blood in urine
Also common: abnormal breakdown of red blood cells, delayed development, inflamed fingers or toes, pallor, shortness of breath, or yellow skin and eyes
54
Anemia
Lack of healthy red blood cells
fatigue, tachycardia,
dizziness, fatigue, lightheadedness, or malaise
brittle nails, headache, pallor, shortness of breath, or weakness
55
Pernicious Anemia
inability of the body to properly utilize vitamin B12, which is essential for the development of red blood cells. Most cases result from the lack of the gastric protein known as intrinsic factor, without which vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed.
Gastritis and autoimmune damage parietal cells so they can't produce intrinsic factor, which binds to B12 in the ilium, which can lead to pernicious anemia.
56
Cure for regular Anemia
Iron
57
Folate deficiency (B9)
Spina bifida - neural tube defect in babies
58
Megaloblastic anemia
B9 and B12 (red blood cells are big)
59
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelets
60
Polycythemia
Increase in red blood cells. Risk of blood clotting
| - Smoking is significant Rx factor
61
neutropenia
Low white blood cells of neutrophils (bacteria fighting)
It can be caused by diseases that damage the bone marrow, infections, or certain medications.
There can be no symptoms other than an increased vulnerability to infection.
Management of this condition includes treating the underlying cause, as well as medications that increase neutrophil counts. Avoiding anyone who is sick and practicing good hygiene can help reduce the risk of infection.
possible Symptoms:
Fever, mouth sores
62
Hemochromatosis
causes your body to absorb too much iron from the food you eat.
- Bronze skin
- common in diabetics
Excess iron is stored in your organs, especially your liver, heart and pancreas. Too much iron can lead to life-threatening conditions, such as liver disease, heart problems and diabetes.
63
Staph infection
Common symptoms include boils and oozing blisters. Staph can also cause food poisoning resulting in nausea, vomiting, and stomach ache. In rare cases, staph infections can turn deadly if the bacteria invade deeper into the body or enters the bloodstream resulting in fever, joint, and muscle pain.
Under the microscope, they appear spherical, and form in grape-like clusters.
64
Impetigo
flaky and yellow crusty skin condition
65
Strep
Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Rarely, complications can involve the heart or kidneys.
White, grey back of throat
Treatment is important to reduce complications. Oral antibiotics like penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, or azithromycin are commonly used. Other medicines such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help with pain and fever.
66
MRSA
a group of Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans
- lives on surfaces 2-6 months
MRSA is usually spread in the community by contact with infected people or things that are carrying the bacteria. This includes through contact with a contaminated wound or by sharing personal items, such as towels or razors, that have touched infected skin.
67
Lyme Disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme disease causes a rash, often in a bull's-eye pattern, and flu-like symptoms. Joint pain and weakness in the limbs also can occur.
68
Giardia
Giardia is a tiny parasite (germ) that causes the diarrheal disease giardiasis. Giardia is found on surfaces or in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces (poop)
Symptoms might include watery diarrhea alternating with greasy stools. Fatigue, cramps, and belching gas also may occur. Some people have no symptoms.
Most cases clear up on their own within a few weeks. Severe cases are treated with antibiotics.
69
Trichomoniasis
- is among most common sexually transmitted infections.
- foul-smelling yellow-green, frothy, vaginal discharge, genital itching, and painful urination in women.
Complications include a risk of premature delivery for pregnant women.
- causes strawberry petechia
- Treatment involves both partners taking one large dose of a certain oral antibiotic metronidazole
70
Chlamydia
Symptoms may include genital pain and discharge from the vagina or penis.
- pain in eyes, lower abdomen, lower
The condition may cause arthritis symptoms, such as joint pain and inflammation. It may also cause symptoms in the urinary tract and eyes.
It can cause serious, permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system. This can make it difficult or impossible for her to get pregnant later on. Chlamydia can also cause a potentially fatal ectopic pregnancy
- report to state
71
Bacterial vaginosis
STD
grey-white
fishy
can get worse after intercourse
72
gonorrhea
```
Discharge from the vagina (watery, creamy, or slightly green)
pain or burning sensation while urinating.
urge to urinate more frequently.
heavier periods or spotting.
sore throat.
pain during sexual intercourse.
sharp pain in the lower abdomen.
fever.
```
- report to state
73
TB
Have to report to state
May need to quarentine for months until 3 tests come back negataive
- blood tinged cough, weight loss, fever, chills
- spread from person to person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes.
74
Addictions
| Alcoholism
```
CAGE
Cut back (think about)
Annoyed by people telling you to cute back
Guilty
Early rise drink
```
Beriberi (Thiamine deficiency)- loss of coordination and confusion, SOB, swollen feet and HT
75
Pupils
Opioids - pinpoint, highly addictive - risk respiratory depression
Coke - bugs on skin - dilated pupils
PCP - aggressive - constricts pupils
LSD - hear vision and see sound - dilated pupils
76
Tardive dsykinesia
On neuroleptic drugs (antipsychotics) - repetitive movement, blinking, grimacing, lip smacking
77
what class of drug treats depression
anti-depression, neuroleptic (antipsychotic), anxietlitic, SSRI inhibitor
78
Side effect of SSRI
Seretonin syndrome (hot and bothered) - can increase depression, delerium, aggitation, tachycardia, diarrhea, hyperflexia, hyperthermia, seizures
79
Cranial nerves
```
CN1 - nose
CN2 - eyes - vision
CN3- most motor movements
CN4 - Trochlear - oblique muscles
CN5 - trigeminal
CN6- abducens - eye motor
CN7 - Facial also controls 1st part of tongue
CN8 - Ears
CN9 - 2nd part of tongue
CN10 - vagus nerve, Epiglottis, abdominal organs,
swallowing
CN11 - accessory
CN12 - tongue - muscles
```
80
MS
Myelenated sheath
Not lined up time and space - Relapsing and remitting
heat makes it worse
Eyes, coordination
81
Parkinsons
Tremor at rest, Rigidity and contraction, shuffling gate,
Tremor while moving - Benign essential tremors
82
Suicide
SAD PERSON
```
Male
Age <19 or >45
Depression
previous attempt
excessive alcohol or drugs
Rational thinking loss
separated, divorced widowed,
organized/serious attempt
no social support
stated future intent
```
83
Dermatomes
```
Knees - L4
Top of foot - L5
Achilles and bottom of foot - S1
Belly button - T10
Nipple - T 4
```
84
Reflex grading scale
```
0 no response
1+ decreased
2+ normal
3 + + exaggerated/brisk
4+ sustained response
```
85
neck pain and thumb pain
Cervical rediculopathy
| Bakodys sign
86
Manual muscle testing
```
0- paralysis
1- No ROM
2- Full range - gravity eliminated
3- Full range against gravity
4 - full range, moderate resistance
5/5 - full range - maximum resistance is applied
```
87
Meniscus tear
Test with Apley's compression distraction test
Andersons mediolateral grind test
McMurrays test
88
Unhappy Triad
ACL, meniscus, MCL
89
ACL
Lachmans test
| Anterior drawer
90
Disc herniation
feels better with extension
91
Stenosis
feels better with flexion
92
TMJD
Is the abbreviation for temporomandibular joint disorder and is a general term that encompasses pain and dysfunction in some form of the muscles that are responsible for moving your jaw.
93
Frozen shoulder/ adhesive capsulitis
apley's scratch test
More in women
Rx - diabetes
Dx: Stretching, steroids, surgery, NSAIDs
94
Bone Density Disorders
DEXA scan - Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
-1-0 normal
1- -2.5 - osteopenia
-2.5 - osteoperosis
More common in women
May see kyphosis - shrinking
95
Bells Palsy
CN7
unilateral w/ no wrinkles
ipsilateral - same side as issue with nerve
96
TBI
Epidural hematoma - lucid intervals
subdural hematoma - crescent - old/alcoholic
Arachnoid hemorrhage - thunderclap
97
Cranial nerves
Emerge directly from the brian stem, in contrast to spinal nerve which emerge from segments of spinal cord
98
Peripheral neuropathy
Diabetes
B6 deficiency or excess
B12 deficiency - Vegans
chronic alcoholism
99
Rediculopathies
Cervical - neck pain that radiates down, weakness,
Bacodys test
Sciatica
A disease of the root of a nerve, such as from a pinched nerve or a tumor.
Typically one side of body
100
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Loss of radial pulse
| Test with Adsons test
101
Difference between TIA vs stroke
TIA is a mini stroke - blip of loss of blood - less lasting impacts. Warning of stroke.
102
Meneres vs labrinthitis
Menieres - Vertigo, tinnitus , hearing loss - usually just one ear, nauseaa
Labyrinthitis - swelling of labyrinth of inner ear- vertigo
BPP- benign peroxisomal positional vertigo - sudden, temporary, turning head, reaching over head
103
Earliest signs of hypertension
headache, vertigo, tinnitus, fainting, light headed (LV yang rising) spontaneous nosebleeds
also can be w/o symptoms
104
Post herpatic neuralgia
Postherpetic neuralgia (post-hur-PET-ik noo-RAL-juh) is the most common complication of shingles. The condition affects nerve fibers and skin, causing burning pain that lasts long after the rash and blisters of shingles disappear.
105
How to tell if someone with rx of stroke needs warfarin
a tool doctors use to determine treatment for atrial-fibrillation patients in danger of stroke.
```
CHAD score
CHF
Hypertensive score (>140/90)
Age - +75
Diabetes
S2 - Prior TIA o stroke
```
106
Cancer
Weight loss
107
Inflammatory breast cancer
Dimpling of breast tissue similar to orange peel and red and bruised appearance
108
Pagets disease
Red, scaling, flaking, bloody discharge, itching, <1% of breast cancer. Requires needle biopsy
109
Basal cell carcinoma
white waxy lump or brown scaly patch on sun exposed areas
Raised border and pitted inside, irregular shape.
Rx: Fair skin
Doesn't metastesize
110
Squamous Cell carcinoma
pre cancer -
Thick (hyperkeratotic), rough, scaly patches that may crust or bleed. They can also resemble warts, or open sores that don't completely heal.
often referred to as a neck cancer because it tends to travel to the lymph nodes in the neck and around the collarbone. Because of this, signs of metastasis may include a painful or tender lump in the neck or a sore throat that doesn't improve or go away.
111
Which types of HPV cause cervical cancer
16, 18
112
Which type of HPV cause herpes
6, 11
Cancer - 16 and 18
113
What increases rx of breast cancer
Increased exposure to estrogen
early menarche
Late menopause
never have kids or after 35
114
Abdominal Aortic Aneurism
Pulsating mass near navel
65-70 male smoked - get screened
Barry aneurism - brain - most commonly associated with arthrosclerosis
115
What do you use Niacin for?
Increased LDL/cholesterol
Too much can cause flushing
116
Epilepsy
ER if:
Never had one before
More than 5 minutes
Remain unconscious after
117
Otitis media
inflammation or infection located in the middle ear, behind ear drum. Otitis media can occur as a result of a cold, sore throat, or respiratory infection.
118
Swimmers ear (otitis externa)
inflammation of outer ear
Foul smelling discharge
Itching and irritation around ear canal.
119
Throat
Sinusitus - pressure, facial pain, folding forward its worse.
- Bacterial - A bacterial sinus infection will often persist for seven to 10 days or longer, and may actually worsen after seven days
- viral - A viral sinus infection will usually start to improve after five to seven days
```
Allergic rhinitis (seasonal allergies) - has a trigger
strep throat - white/grey, fever -need antibiotic
```
120
Strep vs mono
Strep - large tonsils, fever, swollen lymph, white/grey back of throat - anibiotics to avoid kd infection
Mono - splenomegaly, extreme fatigue - rest until spleen recovers
121
facial hair on woman (hursatism or hyper androgenism)
PCOS
Causes female infertility
Also dark skin around folds (acanthosis nigricans), insulin resistance, abnormal menstruation, obesity, overweight
122
endometriosis
endometrial tissue outside of ovary
123
Fibroadenoma
painless
movable
firm, smooth, or rubbery lump in the breast with a well-defined shape.
Reproductive hormones may cause fibroadenomas.
124
cancer
no pain
immovable
hard
irregular shape
different from surrounding breast tissue
125
fibroids
painful
They can change size - often hormonal
Fibroids are muscular tumors that grow in the wall of the uterus (womb). Fibroids are almost always benign (not cancerous). Not all women with fibroids have symptoms.
Sx
Pain areas: in the abdomen, lower back, or pelvis
Menstrual: abnormal menstruation, heavy menstruation, irregular menstruation, painful menstruation, or spotting
Also common: abdominal distension or cramping.
126
Menopausal disorders
Breakthrough bleeding - cervical cancer?
Premature ovarian failure - early menopause before age 40. 40-45 is early.
LH spikes during menopause and FSH as well
Estrogen and progesterone drop
127
Ectopic pregnancy
when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus. An ectopic pregnancy most often occurs in a fallopian tube, which carries eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
Pain areas: in the pelvis, abdomen, or side part of the body
Gastrointestinal: bloating, nausea, or vomiting
Also common: abnormal vaginal bleeding or cramping
128
hormone tested to see if your pregnant
Human chorionic gonadotropin HCG
129
Mastitis
clogged ducts, pain, can get fever
130
contraindicated with viagra
Nitrates - both dilate - too much
131
hypergonadism
Like male menopause
mental emotional changes, hot flashes, occurs when sex glands called gonads produce little, if any, sex hormones.
132
Erectile dysfunction
Organic- physical, gradul, coonstant, Diabetes M II, SSRI, beta blockers
Psychogenic - sudden, situational, intermitten, do have morning wood
133
Male infertility
Failure of pituitary to secrete LH and FSH
134
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Enlarged in central part
PSA (prostate specific antigen)- elevated
Cancer side parts enlarged
Excess urination at night
feeling of incomplete after emptying
weak urine stream
135
Prostatitis
Symptoms include difficulty urinating, pain in the groin, pelvic area, or genitals, and, sometimes, flu-like symptoms.
Prostatitis may get better on its own. If it's caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed.
136
Prostate cancer
Sometimes no Sx
| Or same sx as BPH
137
Kidney stones vs Kidney infection
stones: severe pain in back or sides, nausea, sweating
80% calcium oxalate, blood in urine, frequent urination
KD infection - UTI sx that move into KD, flank, blood in urine, frequent urination, foul smelling urine and couldy
138
How to test KD infection
```
Urinary analysis
CBC - complete blood county
Ultrasound
CT scan
Elevated levels of creatine indicates disorder of KD
```
139
Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder. Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it's called a urinary tract infection (UTI)
pain, burning or stinging when you pee.
needing to pee more often and urgently than normal.
feeling like you need to pee again soon after going to the toilet.
urine that's dark, cloudy or strong-smelling.
pain low down in your tummy.
feeling generally unwell, achy, sick and tired.
140
Sx of UTI that are distinct from cystitis
Fever and chills
Incontinence (loss of bladder control)
Vomiting
Pain in the lower back or sides
141
What can cause incontinence
Cauda Equina syndrome
| A1 blockers - in women
142
Fibromyalgia
Multiple tender points - 11/18 is positive
143
pharyngitis
commonly known as sore throat — is an inflammation of the pharynx, resulting in a sore throat. Thus, pharyngitis is a symptom, rather than a condition.
144
Viral rhinosinusitis
Most cases of acute are caused by viral infections associated with the common cold. Symptomatic treatment with analgesics, decongestants, and saline nasal irrigation is appropriate in patients who present with nonsevere symptoms (e.g., mild pain, temperature less than 101°F [38.3°C]).
145
bacterial meningitis
```
The most common symptoms of bacterial meningitis are:
Painful, stiff neck with limited range of motion.
Headaches.
High fever.
Feeling confused or sleepy.
Bruising easily all over the body.
A rash on the skin.
Sensitivity to light.
```
Meningitis Diagnosis
Blood tests to find bacteria.
CT or MRI scans of your head to find swelling or inflammation.
Spinal tap, in which a health care worker uses a needle to take fluid from around your spinal cord. It can tell what's causing your meningitis.
146
Epiglottis
Epiglottitis is usually caused by an infection with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria. As well as epiglottitis, Hib can cause a number of serious infections, such as pneumonia and meningitis. It spreads in the same way as the cold or flu virus.
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MMR vaccine is for
Mumps- epidermic parotitis -
measles - rubeola
Rubella - German measles - "3 day measles" - forchheimer spots (rose colored spots on the soft palate that may coalesce into a red blush and extend over the fauces). Milder but more dangerous for pregnancy. Distinct skin rash
Rubeolla - ordinary measles, more threatening - koplik spots (Koplik spots: clustered white lesions on the buccal mucosa) - 9 days
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MMR vaccine
mumps - parotitis - swollen cheeks/parotid glands (epidemic partosis
Measles - rubeOla - 9 days - O - ordinary - (red measles)
RubelLa - German measles - 3 day measles - L - Love Germals
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Mumps
Viral agent
affects glands and tissues
Parotid swelling
Supportive treatment because it's a virus
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Measles (Rubeola)
Coryza - irrritation in nose
Cough
Conjunctivitis
C - Koplik spots - white/grey cluster lesions in buccal membranes (inside mouth)
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What has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with measles
Vitamin A
- MMR Vaccine prevents
- Can return to school after 5 days after onset of the rash ( contagious 4 days after onset of rash)
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Rubella
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German Measles
- viral
Mild fever 102 or lower
maculopapular rash
arthralgia also common (joint pain)
encephalitis - inflammation of brain --> headache, stiff neck, photophobia, seizures, confusion
"Bone pain"
Can cause severe birth defects if preg mom is infected - deaf, blind, retardation:
TORCH - infection that impacts a fetus
Toxoplasmosis
Other ((syphilis, Hepatitis, HIV)
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes
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