Important Stuff To Know Semester 2 Year 1 Flashcards
Where and how is the adductor canal formed?
Begins at the apex of the femoral triangle through he overlapping of sartorious on adductor longus. It is an intermuscular passageway and allows passage of the femoral vessels and nerves
What are the borders and contents of the femoral triangle?
Apex: junction of the medial border of sartorious, crossing of the lateral border of adductor longus
Medial border: adductor longus
Lateral border: sartorious
Base: inguinal ligament
Floor: Iliopsoas and pectineus
Roof: fascia Lara and cribriform fascia, subcutaneous tissue and skin
Contents (lateral to medial)
Femoral nerve
Femoral vein
Deep inguinal lymph
What is the femoral sheath and how is it formed?
It is a prolongation of the transversal is and Iliopsoas fascia, it transmits he femoral artery and vein as well as lymph
What is the femoral canal?
The smallest and most medial compartment of the femoral sheath, is involved in allowing for inflammation of the femoral vein as it transports blood back to the heart, also contains lymph
The opening at its superior end is called the femoral ring and it ends at the saphenous opening
What are the boundaries of the femoral ring?
Lateral: fibrous septum between the canal and femoral vein
Posterior: superior pubic ramps and overlying fascia
Medial: lacunae ligament
Anterior: medial part of the inguinal ligament
What is the pathway of the femoral artery?
Is the continuation of the external iliac artery,
Begins at the lower border of the inguinal ligament,
decends down the thigh through the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath,
Travels centrally down the femoral triangle, entering adductor canal at the apex,
Exits the adductor canal through the adductor hiatus as the popliteal artery
What are the branches of the femoral artery?
Superficial epigastric Superficial circumflex iliac Superficial external pudendal Deep external pudendal arteries Profuna femoral artery Medial circumflex femoral Lateral circumflex femoral
What are the boundaries and contents of the adductor canal?
Anterior and laterally: vastus medialis Posteriorly: Adductor longus and Magnus Medially: Sartorious
Contents: Femoral artery Femoral vein Saphenous nerve Nerve to vastus medialis
What are the divisions of the internal iliac artery and which arteries are in each division?
Posterior and anterior divisions
Posterior division:
Superior gluteal
Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral
Anterior division: Umbilical Obturator Middle rectal Inferior gluteal Internal pudendal
What arteries of the internal iliac artery are specific to males and females?
Males:
Artery to ductus deferens
Inferior vesicle artery
Females:
Vaginal artery
Uterine artery
Pathway of the superior gluteal artery
Runs posteriorly down the pelvis, through the greater sciatic foramen before running superiorly above pisiformis into the gluteal region
Pathway of the iliolumbar artery
Passes superiorly out of the pelvis, runs laterally to the psi as muscle
What is the pathway of the lateral sacral artery?
Runs lateral to the anterior sacral foramina, supplying structures surrounding it
What is the pathway of the obturator artery?
Runs along the lateral pelvic wall along with the obturator artery and vein, it then passes through the obturator foramen into the thigh
What is the pathway of the inferior gluteal artery?
Exits the pelvis through the inferior part of the greater sciatic foramina, passing inferior to piriformis into the gluteal region
What arteries enter the pelvic cavity?
Both internal iliac arteries
Both gonadal arteries
Median sacral artery
Superior rectal artery
What nerves pass through the lateral border of psoas?
Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Femoral nerve
What nerves pass through the medial border of psoas?
Obturator nerve
Lumbosacral trunk
Accessory obturator nerve
What nerves pass through the anterior border of psoas?
Genitofemoral nerve
What are the main branches of the external iliac artery?
Inferior epigastric
Deep circumflex iliac
Femoral artery
What are the branches of the femoral artery?
Superficial epigastric artery
Superficial circumflex iliac artery
Superficial external pudendal artery
Deep external pudendal arteries
What is the pathway of the femoral artery?
Continuation of the external iliac artery at the inferior border of the inguinal ligament, passes through the lateral compartment of the femoral sheath, deep to the fascia lata and adjacent to psoas and pectineus muscles
What is another name for the adductor canal?
Hunters canal
What is the pathway of the popliteal artery?
Continuation of the femoral artery at the adductor hiatus, passes inferiorlaterally through the popliteal fossa, ends at the inferior border of popliteus by dividing into anterior and posterior tibial arteries
What are the branches of the popliteal artery?
Medial and lateral superior genicular arteries
Middle genicular artery
Medial and lateral inferior genicular arteries
(These all form genicular anastomoses)
What is the pathway of the small saphenous vein?
Travels between the heads of gastrocs, enters the popliteal fossa, pierces the deep fascia and the drains into the popliteal vein
What are the contents of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Anterior tibial artery and vein Deep fibular nerve Tibial is anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Fibularis tertius
What is the superior extensor retinaculum of the leg?
A band of deep fascia that holds down the tendons of the anterior compartment of the leg and prevents them from bow stringing
Passes from the fibula to the tibia, proximal to the malleoli, it is pierced by tibialis anterior tendon and invaginates to form a continuous synovial sheath
What is the inferior extensor retinaculum?
A y shaped thickening of fascia inferior to the superficial extensor retinaculum. It loops around the tendons of EDL and FT to share a common synovial sheath
Attaches from the medial malleolus and navicular and plantar app neurosis medially and to the calcaneus medially
What is the extensor expansion?
A membranous structure over the dorsal aspect of each proximal phalanx, divides into 2 lateral slips and a central slip.
The two lateral slips insert into e base of the distal phalanx
The central slip inserts into the base of the middle phalanx
What are the structures of the anterior ankle from medial to lateral?
Remember Tom Has Absolutely No Determination as a mnemonic Tibial is anterior Extensor hallucis longus Anterior tibial artery Deep fibular nerve Extensor digitorum longus
What are the branches of the dorsalis pedis artery?
Lateral tarsal artery
Arcuate artery
Deep plantar artery
1st dorsal metatarsal artery
What is the pathway of the dorsalis pedis artery?
Passes deep to inferior extensor retinaculum between the tendons of EHL and EDL, at the 1stmetatarsal cleft it divides into 1stdorsal metatarsal artery and deep plantar artery
What is the pathway of the anterior tibial artery?
Passes through the superior Interosseus hiatus, descends on the anterior surface of the Interosseus membrane, between tib ant and EDL, passes deep to extensor retinaculum becoming the dorsalis pedis artery
What is the pathway of hue he posterior tibial artery?
Begins at the distal portion of popliteus as a branch of the popliteal artery
Passes deep psoas and runs inferno medially over tibial is posterior
Runs posterior to the medial malleolus and deep to the flexor retinaculum where it enters the foot
What are the branches of the posterior tibial artery?
Circumflex fibular artery
Fibular artery
Nutrient artery of the tibia
Medial malleolar branch
How is the great saphenous vein formed and where does it run?
Formed by the union of the dorsal vein of the great toe and the dorsal venous arch, runs anterior to the medial malleolus, posterior to the medial condyle of the knee before moving superb medially through the saphenous opening, emptying into the femoral vein
How is the small saphenous vein formed and where does it run?
Formed by the union of the dorsal vein of the little toe and the dorsal venous arch,
It runs posterior to the lateral malleolus and runs between the two heads of gastrocs, it empties into the popliteal vein
What are the borders and contents of the popliteal fossa?
Superomedial border: Biceps femoris Superolateral border: Semitendonosis and semimembranosis Inferomedial border: Medial head of gastrocnemius Inferolateral border: Lateral head of gastrocnemius Roof: Skin and fascia Floor: Popliteal ligament, popliteus, popliteal surface of the femur
Contents: Popliteal artery and vein Common fibular nerve Tibial nerve Terminal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh Small saphenous vein Popliteal lymph nodes and vessels Fat
What are the borders and content of the femoral triangle?
Medial border: Adductor longus Lateral border: Sartorious Base: Inguinal ligament Floor: Iliopsoas and pectineus Roof: Fascia lata and cribriform fascia, subcutaneous tissue and skin Apex: Formed by the junction of adductor longus and sartorious, making the adductor canal
Contents: Femoral artery Femoral vein Femoral nerve Great saphenous vein Femoral sheath and it's contents Deep inguinal lymph node and vessels Saphenous opening
What four structures pass through the adductor canal?
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Saphenous nerve
Nerve to vast us medialis
How is the adductor hiatus formed?
In the tendon of adductor Magnus
What are the compartments of the retroinguinal space, what exists in these compartments and how is it formed?
Contains a vascular and muscular compartment, these are separated by the iliopectineal arch, which is a thickening of the psoas fascia
Muscular compartment contents:
Iliacus
Psoas
Femoral nerve
Vascular compartment:
Femoral artery
Femoral vein
Lymphatic a
What are the walls of the inguinal canal and what is its contents?
Anterior: Aponeurosis of external oblique Posterior wall: Transversalis fascia Roof: Formed by arching fibres of transverse abdominis, and internal oblique, Transversalis fascia Floor: Inguinal ligament, reinforced by the lacunar ligament
Contents: Blood vessels, lymph vessels and the ilioinguinal nerve Males: spermatic chord Females: Round ligament of the uterus
Ligaments of the hip
Iliofemoral (attaches from the AIIS to the intertrocahanteric line)
Pubofemoral (attaches from the obturator crest to the iliofemoral ligament)
Ischiofemoral (attaches from the ischial part of the acetabular rim to the neck of the femur)
What is the function of the articulate capsule of the hip?
Is a loose, fibrous capsule that helps with free movement of the hip
What kind of joint is the hip joint and what movements occur here?
Is a multi axial, synovial ball and socket joint, allows for ; Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Internal and external rotation Circumduction
What are the attachments of the knee joint capsule?
Superiorly: Femur Inferiorly: Articulate margins of the tibia Anteriorly: Sides of the patella and patella ligament
What are the ligaments of the knee?
Fibular collateral lig Tibial collateral lig Patella lig Oblique popliteal lig Arcuate popliteal lig Cruciate ligs (ACL, PCL) Menisci
What is the function of the oblique popliteal ligament and what is it made of?
Is an expansion of semimembranosis tendon, reinforces the joint capsule posteriorly and attaches from the medial tibial condyle to the lateral femoral condyle
How does the knee lock?
Femur medially rotates on the tibia
Stability becomes increased, muscle contraction decreases
Unlocks when popliteus laterally rotates femur 5 degrees
What type of joint is the proximal, superior tibiofibular joint?
Plane type synovial joint, allow for anterior and posterior movements during dorsi and plantar flexion of the foot
What type of joint is the distal tibio-fibular joint?
It is a fibrous joint, allows for anterior and posterior movements during dorsi and plantar flexion of the foot
What muscles are in the different layers of the foot?
First layer:
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digitorum brevis
Second layer:
Lubricals
Quadratus plantae
Third layer:
Adductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digits mining brevis
Fourth layer:
Dorsal and plantar Interossei
What are the compartments of the foot and what muscles sure in each of them?
Medial, central, lateral, Interosseus and dorsal
Medial: Abductor hallucis Flexor hallucis brevis Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Medial plantar nerves and vessels
Central: Flexor digitorum brevis Flexor digitorum longus tendons Quadratic plantae Adductor hallucis Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Lateral plantar nerves and vessels
Lateral compartment:
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Interosseus compartment:
Metatarsals
Dorsal and plantar Interosseus muscles
Deep plantar and metatarsal vessels
Dorsal compartment:
Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum brevis
Neurovascular structures of the dorsum of the foot
What is the plantar fascia and what does it join up with?
It is the fascia of the sole and joins up with the medial and lateral plantar fascia with the dorsal fascia
It makes up the plantar aponeurosis which is a thickening in the central part of the plantar fascia, it assists in maintaining the longitudinal arches
The plantar aponeurosis attaches to the calcaneus adjoins up with the fibrous sheaths of the 5 digits
What is the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligaments function?
The spring ligament arises from the Sustentaculum tali to the navicular, it helps to support the head of the talus in the TCN joint, it also maintains the longitudinal arches of the foot
What are the three parts of the foot and what is each made up of?
The hind foot, the mid foot and the forefoot
Hind foot:
Calcaneus and talus
Mid foot:
Cuboid, navicular and cuneiforms
Forefoot:
Metatarsals and phalanges
What are the arches of the foot and what bones fall in them?
Medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch and the transverse arch
Medial longitudinal arch: Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuneiforms Metatarsals 1-3 Phalanges of digits 1-3
Lateral longitudinal arch Calcaneus Cuboid Metatarsals 4-5 Phalanges of digits 4-5
Transverse arch:
Cuboid
Cuneiforms
What is the angle of inclination and what is a norm for this angle?
The angle which is formed between the union of the neck of the femur and the shaft. Usually between 115-140 degrees. The norm value for the angle of inclination is 126 degrees.
It’s orientation allows it to bring the femur medially towards the femur, it also allows the head of the femur to sit in the acetabulum better
What is the Q angle and what is a normal value for the Q angle?
The Q angle is the angle between the femur and tibia of the knee, it is formed between the line from the ASIS to the mid patella and from the mid patella to the tibial tuberosity
It is usually 13 degrees in men and 18 degrees in women
What are perforating veins and where are they found?
Perforating veins are veins that move blood from the superficial layers to the deep. They perforate deep fascia to assist with venous return. They have valves within them that prevent back flow of blood and contract with muscles to improve venous return. They are found in the deep fascia
What is the pathway of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve?
Passes through the greater sciatic foramen, runs inferiorly to piriformis, it then decends under gluteus maximus. It then decends down the posterior thigh beneath the fascia lata. It then pierces fascia posterior to the knee
What is the pathway of the obturator nerve?
Ventral rami of l2-l4, passes the medial border of psoas, decends inferiorly throug the pelvis, enters the obturator canal, splits into anterior and posterior divisions
The anterior division passes between adductor longus and adductor brevis, it then pierces the fascia lata to become the cutaneous branch of the obturator nerve
The posterior division decends through obturator externals, passing anterior to adductor Magnus
