Important people Book 1 Flashcards
What did Edward Jenner prove?
-Cowpox protected people from infection by smallpox. However, Jenner could not explain how it worked
How did Edward Jenner experiment his findings?
-He inoculated a boy with cowpox, after he recovered. Edward injected the boy with smallpox but the boy had no symptoms or get ill
How did Jenner spread his ideas?
- 1797- Jenner submitted his ideas to the royal society
- 1799-He published his findings himself, in a book which was widely read
What was the impact of Jenner’s work
- 1852-The British government made vaccination compulsory
- 1980- the WHO announced there were no cases of smallpox for the last two years
What were the limitation of Jenner’s work?
-Impossible for vaccines of other disease to be developed
When and what did Louis Pasteur prove?
1861-he proved germs caused disease
How did Pasteur experiment his findings?
He used Swan Neck flasks to show that if germs could not travel down to a liquid at the bottom of the flask, it did not become contaminated or diseased by germs in the air. If he broke the neck of the flask, the germs could enter and the liquid would turn mouldy
How did Pasteur’s findings spread?
- supported by frecnh government
- set up ‘Institute Pasteur’
What was Pasteur’s impact of knowledge?
-He developed vaccines for cholera and rabies
What were Pasteur’s limitations?
-He was not a doctor and could not link germs to human disease
What did John Snow prove?
Proved the link between disease and dirty drinking water
- those who worked in brewer did not catch cholera
- broad streets water was pumped from the polluted River Thames
- took handle of pump, deaths dropped
What did Robert Koch prove?
particular germs caused particular diseases
When did Robert Koch discover the germ that caused TB
1882
When did Robert Koch discover the germ that caused cholera
1883
How did Robert Koch experiment on his theories?
- Used potatoes instead of petri dish as they are cheaper and more reliable
- Used microscopes and industrial dyes to see the germs
What did Robert Koch discover?
Each antibody only worked with one specific disease
-antibodies could help to destroy bacteria and build immunity
How did Koch spread his knowledge?
-German government helped found the ‘institute for infectious diseases’
What impact did Robert Koch have?
-He helped explain how vaccines work and helped the findings of germs of typhoid and plague
What did James Simpson prove?
-Discovered a safe and effective anaesthetic, chloroform
How did James Simpson discover this anaesthetic?
-During an experience with chloroform. Simpson and his two assistants fell unconscious, he realised he created an effective and safe anaesthetic
How did James Simpson spread his ideas?
-Queen Victoria used it during the birth of her eight child son Leopold in 1853 and if it was alright for the queen then it was alright for everyone.
What was James Simpson’s impact through his work?
- Black period of surgery, less pain more people die
- As a result from his work local anaesthetics were discovered
- Nowadays anaesthetics area vital part of surgery
What did Joseph Lister prove?
-It was germs in the air that caused infections after surgery
How did Joseph Lister come to his conclusion?
- He experimented on a patient with compound fractions, first he cleaned the wound and his instruments with carbolic acid
- then covered it with a cloth soaked in carbolic acid. Then he covered this with tin foil to keep the acid from evaporating
- When Lister removed the dressing there was a scab
What did Joseph Lister develop?
Antiseptic methods
How did Joseph Lister spread his ideas?
-wrote up and published his ideas in ‘The Lancet’, a medical journal
What was the impact of Joseph Lister?
- helped make operating theatres more sterile
- surgeons were able to operate on internal organs without risk of infections
What did Florey and Chain discover?
-Penicillin was an antibiotic and killed bacteria
How did Florey and Chain come up with their conclusion?
-tested on mice and then a man who had been scratched by a rose bush
How were Florey and Chain’s ideas spread?
-U.S army funded 7 companies to produce penicillin
What were the impact of Florey and Chain’s work
- 12-15 percent of soldiers lives were saved in World War 2
- Nowadays, penicillin is used to treat and cure many diseases, saved the l8ves of millions of people
How did Penicillin help soldiers?
treating blood poisoning and infected wounds
What did Christian Barnard prove?
Heart transplant was possible
How did Christian Barnard manage to do it?
-he operated and saved the heart from a 24 year old woman who died in a car accident to a 59 year old man
What did Barnard create with his new actions?
–completed a heart transplant and the heart did not need an electrical stimulus to make it beat and worked independently on it’s own
What was the impact of Barnard’s work?
-people were able to perform heart transplants
What did Alexander Fleming do?
1928, he noticed that a mould penicillin, had grown on one of his petri dishes and killed the staphylococci bacteria, he called it an antibody,
published his results in 1929 but could not raise enough funds to finish his studies
