Important people Book 1

Question 1

What did Edward Jenner prove?

Answer 1

-Cowpox protected people from infection by smallpox. However, Jenner could not explain how it worked

Question 2

How did Edward Jenner experiment his findings?

Answer 2

-He inoculated a boy with cowpox, after he recovered. Edward injected the boy with smallpox but the boy had no symptoms or get ill

Question 3

How did Jenner spread his ideas?

Answer 3

• 1797- Jenner submitted his ideas to the royal society

- 1799-He published his findings himself, in a book which was widely read

Question 4

What was the impact of Jenner’s work

Answer 4

• 1852-The British government made vaccination compulsory

- 1980- the WHO announced there were no cases of smallpox for the last two years

Question 5

What were the limitation of Jenner’s work?

Answer 5

-Impossible for vaccines of other disease to be developed

Question 6

When and what did Louis Pasteur prove?

Answer 6

1861-he proved germs caused disease

Question 7

How did Pasteur experiment his findings?

Answer 7

He used Swan Neck flasks to show that if germs could not travel down to a liquid at the bottom of the flask, it did not become contaminated or diseased by germs in the air. If he broke the neck of the flask, the germs could enter and the liquid would turn mouldy

Question 8

How did Pasteur’s findings spread?

Answer 8

• supported by frecnh government

- set up ‘Institute Pasteur’

Question 9

What was Pasteur’s impact of knowledge?

Answer 9

-He developed vaccines for cholera and rabies

Question 10

What were Pasteur’s limitations?

Answer 10

-He was not a doctor and could not link germs to human disease

Question 11

What did John Snow prove?

Answer 11

Proved the link between disease and dirty drinking water

• those who worked in brewer did not catch cholera
• broad streets water was pumped from the polluted River Thames
• took handle of pump, deaths dropped

Question 12

What did Robert Koch prove?

Answer 12

particular germs caused particular diseases

Question 13

When did Robert Koch discover the germ that caused TB

Answer 13

1882

Question 14

When did Robert Koch discover the germ that caused cholera

Answer 14

1883

Question 15

How did Robert Koch experiment on his theories?

Answer 15

• Used potatoes instead of petri dish as they are cheaper and more reliable
• Used microscopes and industrial dyes to see the germs

Question 16

What did Robert Koch discover?

Answer 16

Each antibody only worked with one specific disease

-antibodies could help to destroy bacteria and build immunity

Question 17

How did Koch spread his knowledge?

Answer 17

-German government helped found the ‘institute for infectious diseases’

Question 18

What impact did Robert Koch have?

Answer 18

-He helped explain how vaccines work and helped the findings of germs of typhoid and plague

Question 19

What did James Simpson prove?

Answer 19

-Discovered a safe and effective anaesthetic, chloroform

Question 20

How did James Simpson discover this anaesthetic?

Answer 20

-During an experience with chloroform. Simpson and his two assistants fell unconscious, he realised he created an effective and safe anaesthetic

Question 21

How did James Simpson spread his ideas?

Answer 21

-Queen Victoria used it during the birth of her eight child son Leopold in 1853 and if it was alright for the queen then it was alright for everyone.

Question 22

What was James Simpson’s impact through his work?

Answer 22

• Black period of surgery, less pain more people die
• As a result from his work local anaesthetics were discovered
• Nowadays anaesthetics area vital part of surgery

Question 23

What did Joseph Lister prove?

Answer 23

-It was germs in the air that caused infections after surgery

Question 24

How did Joseph Lister come to his conclusion?

Answer 24

• He experimented on a patient with compound fractions, first he cleaned the wound and his instruments with carbolic acid
• then covered it with a cloth soaked in carbolic acid. Then he covered this with tin foil to keep the acid from evaporating
• When Lister removed the dressing there was a scab

Question 25

What did Joseph Lister develop?

Answer 25

Antiseptic methods

Question 26

How did Joseph Lister spread his ideas?

Answer 26

-wrote up and published his ideas in ‘The Lancet’, a medical journal

Question 27

What was the impact of Joseph Lister?

Answer 27

• helped make operating theatres more sterile

- surgeons were able to operate on internal organs without risk of infections

Question 28

What did Florey and Chain discover?

Answer 28

-Penicillin was an antibiotic and killed bacteria

Question 29

How did Florey and Chain come up with their conclusion?

Answer 29

-tested on mice and then a man who had been scratched by a rose bush

Question 30

How were Florey and Chain’s ideas spread?

Answer 30

-U.S army funded 7 companies to produce penicillin

Question 31

What were the impact of Florey and Chain’s work

Answer 31

• 12-15 percent of soldiers lives were saved in World War 2

- Nowadays, penicillin is used to treat and cure many diseases, saved the l8ves of millions of people

Question 32

How did Penicillin help soldiers?

Answer 32

treating blood poisoning and infected wounds

Question 33

What did Christian Barnard prove?

Answer 33

Heart transplant was possible

Question 34

How did Christian Barnard manage to do it?

Answer 34

-he operated and saved the heart from a 24 year old woman who died in a car accident to a 59 year old man

Question 35

What did Barnard create with his new actions?

Answer 35

–completed a heart transplant and the heart did not need an electrical stimulus to make it beat and worked independently on it’s own

Question 36

What was the impact of Barnard’s work?

Answer 36

-people were able to perform heart transplants

Question 37

What did Alexander Fleming do?

Answer 37

1928, he noticed that a mould penicillin, had grown on one of his petri dishes and killed the staphylococci bacteria, he called it an antibody,
published his results in 1929 but could not raise enough funds to finish his studies