Booklet 2 Medicine Flashcards
Where did most of the medieval era’s medical knowledge come from?
-Ancient Romans and Greeks
What did Galen create?
- Theory of opposites
- idea that the best way to rebalance humours and cure illness was by causing opposites symptoms to occur
What were medical ideas in the Middle Ages?
- Four humours
- Christianity
- Alchemy
- Astrology
How did people in the Middle ages believe Alchemy would treat illness?
-they believed base metals could be turned into drugs and potions to treat illness
How did people repent to God?
-praying, going to church and flagellation
How did the Renaissance period (MEDIEVAL) influence medical knowledge?
- Printing
- Art
- Dissection
- Other (voyages like Christopher Columbus bringing back several new herbs and plants that were used in medicine)
When and how was the ultrasound developed?
- After the Second World War
- used sound waves
- no radiation
How are MRI scanner used?
- radio waves and powerful magnets
- used to diagnose disease and injuries within the brain, nerves muscles and internal organs
When was the structure of DNA discovered?
1953
How many diseases are genetic?
4,000
What did ‘Dolly the sheep’ in 1996 lead to?
- cloned
- led to a new type of treatment, genetic engineering
- to correct genes
How were patients cared of in the medieval times?
- focused on care and religion rather than treatment and cures
- medieval hospitals ran by church
How many MEDIEVAL hospitals cared for th sick?
Only 10% did, most only offered food and bed not care
What were different MEDIEVAL hospitals?
-Leper Hospitals
-Almhouses
-Christian Hospitals
(NO TREATMENT)
What were almhouses?
- medieval equivalent for care homes
- housed widows with young children
What were Christian Hospitals?
- did not treat people, provided basic nursing, meals
- people who were ill were not allowed
- main purpose of the hospital was to pray (as they believed SIN is what made them ill)
What happened to the monasteries in mid 16th century?
- Henry V111 dissolved them
- led to closure of many hospitals
- voluntary charities took over
Why were some hospitals able to continue after the dissolvement of monasteries?
–some hospitals were endowed with royal funds to enable them to continue caring for the sick
What was the role of endowed hospitals?
- evolved from being a place that provided basic care to becoming a centre to treat illness and provide surgery
- treatments were free
- nurses kept patients washed, warm and fed
What were wards like before Florence Nightingale?
-before wards were filthy and there was not enough beds or medical supplies
What were wards like before Florence Nightingale?
-before wards were filthy and there was not enough beds or medical supplies
What did Florence Nightingale do during the Crimean war?
- nurses cleaned the wards, washed patients and their clothes and bedding, separated them and made spaces around the beds and opened windows
- death rate fell
When did Florence Nightingale arrive in the Crimean war?
Arrived 1854
What did Florene Nightingale influence?
-When she returned to England she raised a public fund and set up the Nightingale School of Nursing
What did Nightingale publish for nursing?
1859, ‘Notes on Nursing’
-set out training Nurses should receive, taught to be clean and change dressings
What did Nightingale publish about design of hospitals?
1863, ‘Notes on Hospitals’
- all modern hospital designs are built using this
- ensured fresh air, light, warmth , cleanliness , quiet and proper selection and administration of diets
What hospital was the first to use Nightingale’s ideas?
St Thomas in London in 1868
When was the NHS formed?
1948
What report was published in 1942?
- the Beveridge Report, which identified five evil giants - want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness.
- In identifying disease as a barrier to progress, he proposed a free national health service.
What did the NHS provide?
- free medical treatment for all British citizens
- the nationalisation of hospitals
- the creation of health centres to provide services like vaccinations, maternity care, district nurses etc
- a better distribution of doctors around the country with GPs , opticians and dentists in every area
Why did people oppose of the NHS?
- Conservative MP’s were concerned about the cost
- the BMA feared doctors employed by the NHS would lose income
What are problems faced by the NHS?
- From its very start in 1948 the cost of providing care has increased, putting pressure on NHS budgets.
- The NHS is no longer completely free. As early as 1952 prescription charges were introduced
- Lack of money means that there are now waiting lists for many operations
- As life expectancy has increased so an ageing population has put greater pressure on the NHS.
What acts benefited workers welfare?
- 1906 Education act (free school meals)
- 1911, National Insurance Act (provide sickness benefit and free medical care if worker became ill)
