Impact of Training on Lifestyle Diseases

Question 1

Explain how following a programme of aerobic exercise can help prevent coronary heart disease (5)

Answer 1

Cardiac hypertrophy
Helps prevent cholesterol forming in arteries
Helps prevent arteriosclerosis
Helps prevent heart attack
Increase in High Density Lipoproteins
Decrease in Low Density Lipoproteins
Helps prevent blood clots forming
Reduce obesity
Reduce blood pressure

Question 2

Some people may develop diseases as a result of leading an unhealthy lifestyle. Describefourlifestyle diseases of the cardiovascular system. (4)

Answer 2

Atherosclerosisis the build up of fatty deposits on the arterial walls (causing narrowing of the lumen)
Coronary heart diseaseis the reduction in blood flow supply to the heart
Heart attack is the complete blockage of acoronaryartery by a blood clot which causes lack of O2to the heart muscle
Strokeis a blocked blood vessel leading to the brain
Angina - Pain in the chest caused by blockage in the coronary arteries

Question 3

Describe the use of direct gas analysis as a method of evaluating aerobic capacity. (5)

Answer 3

Performer cycles / runs on treadmill / performs continuous exercise
Increasing intensity
To exhaustion
Mask is worn to collect expired air
Expired air is analysed
Concentrations of O2andCO2are measured
Expired air is compared to inhaled air
Maximum volume of oxygen consumed per minute
VO2max is the accepted measure

Question 4

Explain why the target heart rate zone is often used in continuous training programmes (3)

Answer 4

Training zone that causes aerobic adaptations
Below aerobic threshold so limited training effect
Above anaerobic threshold which means limited aerobic effects
Training zone would be at lower percentages of max HR for unfit
Highly trained individuals can perform at higher percentages of max HR

Question 5

Describe how age and gender can affect VO2max. (2)

Answer 5

(Age) VO2max is reduced as a performer gets older
(Gender) Males have a higher VO2max than females
(Gender) Males have higher larger lung capacities
(Gender) Males have greater oxygen utilisation capacity

Question 6

Evaluate the importance of a high VO2max for an elite footballer (3)

Answer 6

(Duration) allows players to lastfull durationof match
(Fatigue) allows players to delay or offset OBLA
(Intensity) allows teams to play at higher intensity
(Recovery) allows quicker recovery after anaerobic work
Some players/goalkeepers do not need high VO2max

Question 7

Explain how age and gender may account for differences in VO2max in the two performers. (4)

Answer 7

(age) from early 20s onwards VO2max decreases
Due to reduced elasticity in heart
(gender) females tend to have lower VO2max
Due to lower muscle mass

Question 8

The aerobic capacity of a sports performer is affected by their age and gender. Statetwoother factors that affect aerobic capacity. (2)

Answer 8

Individual physiological make-up or genetics
Training