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PE anatomy and physiology OCR > Cardiovascular system (quiz) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system (quiz) Flashcards

1
Q

Give an average value for cardiac output for a performer at rest and during maximal exercise. (2)

A

At Rest: 4—6l/min
During Exercise: 20—40 l/min

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2
Q

Describe how the conduction system of the heart controls the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle. (5)

A

SANinitiatesan impulse, this causesatrialsystole blood forced from the atria to the ventricles through AV valves
Impulse is received by the AV node
Impulse continues down the bundle of Hisandto the Purkinje fibres
Causingventricularsystole blood is ejected from the ventricles via the semi-luna valves

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3
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle of the heart (3)

A

Atrial systole is when the atria contractwhichforces blood into the ventricles
Ventricular systole is when the ventricles contractwhichpumps blood out of the heart to the body and the lungs
Diastole is when the atria and ventricles relaxwhichallows blood to enter heart.

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4
Q

Describe neural factors which regulate the cardiac system (6)

A

Neural control is under Autonomic Nervous System uses the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate
Receptors detect change
Cardiac System information sent to the cardiac control centre (in medulla oblongata)
Impulses sent via the cardiac accelerator nerve to stimulate the SA node
Overall effect…increases cardiac output or Q as SVxHR=Q

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5
Q

What is the role of the chemoreceptor

A

detectincreasein (pp)CO2 or acidity
detectdecreasein (pp)O2 or pH

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6
Q

What is the role of the proprioceptors

A

detect (increase in) motor activity or movement

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7
Q

What is the role of the baroreceptor

A

detectincreasein blood pressure
detectincreasedstretch of arterial wall
detectincreasedstretch of lung walls

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8
Q

What is the role of the chemoreceptor

A

detectincreasein blood temperature

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9
Q

Define the term ‘stroke volume’ and give a typical resting value for a trained individual. (2)

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricleper beat
80 – 120ml

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10
Q

Give an average value for cardiac output for a performer at rest and during maximal exercise (2)

A

During rest: 4—6l/min
During maximal exercise: 20—40 l/min

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11
Q

Describe how the conduction system of the heart controls the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle. (4)

A

SA node or sino-atrial node or SAN initiates or sends an impulse, this causesatrialsystole
Blood forced or pushed or flows from the atria to the ventricles or out of the atria or through AV valves
Impulse travels to or is received by the AV node or atrio-ventricular node or AVN / AV node sends impulse
Impulse continues down the bundle of Hisandto the Purkinje fibres causingventricularsystole
Blood is ejected from the ventricles

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12
Q

Explain how the conduction system of the heart controls diastole. (1)

A

Atria relax Atria/ventricles do not contract
No impulse due to …No impulse

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13
Q

Heart Rate Definition (1)

A

Heart rate is the number of ventricular contractions in a minute

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14
Q

Stroke Volume Definition (1)

A

Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat

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15
Q

Cardiac Output Definition (1)

A

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
Q=HR × SV

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16
Q

Vascular shunt Mechanism (1)

A

Vascular shunt is the redistribution of blood flow during exercise

17
Q

Venous Return Definition (1)

A

The return of blood to the right atrium from the vena cava

18
Q

Venous Return Increase (1)

A

VR increases in exercise due to increased impact of muscle pump

19
Q

Explain the changes to stroke volume during sub maximal exercise. (1)

A

Stroke volume is dependent on venous return
During some maximal exercise increased venous return = increased stroke volume
Reduced filling time of heart
Smaller end diastolic volume
Which means heart is only partially filled with blood

20
Q

Describe intrinsic control of the heart during exercise. (4)

A

Increasein venous return
Therightatrium stretches
Which causes the SA node toincreaserate of firing.
Increasing end diastolic volume
Moreblood enters theleftventricle which will cause it to stretch
This in turnincreasesthe stroke volume
Temperatureincreaseswhichincreasesheart rate
Increased Temperatureincreasesthe speed of nerve impulses

21
Q

Explain how cardiovascular adaptations as a result of an aerobic training programme can enhance aerobic capacity (6)

A

Myocardial hypertrophy
Stronger contractions
Increased stroke volume
Increased maximal cardiac output.
Increased capillarisation at both muscles, tissues and lungs
Greater surface area leading to greater gaseous exchange
Increased buffering capacity
Improved vascular shunt mechanism
Increased elasticity of arterial walls.
Increased blood (plasma) volume
Decreased viscosity of blood
Increased red blood cells
Increase oxygen to muscles
Speed up lactic acid removal
Lower blood pressure

22
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle of the heart using the following key terms, Atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole (3)

A

Atrial systole, atria contractwhichforces blood into the ventricles
Ventricular systole, ventricles contractwhichpumps blood out of the heart
Diastole, relaxationwhichallows blood to enter heart

23
Q

Identify the threeneural receptors and explain how each regulates heart rate as the dance routine begins. (3)

A

Chemoreceptors - detectincreasein blood acidity
Proprioceptors - detect movement
Baroreceptors - detectincreasein blood pressure

24
Q

Explain how neural factors control heart rate at the start of exercise

A

Heart rate regulated by the autonomic nervous system
Cardiac control centre receives information from the receptors
Chemoreceptors detectincreased acidity in the blood
Proprioceptors detect movement
Baroreceptors detectincreasedblood pressure
Sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate
SA node increases heart rate

25
Q

Explain how neural factors control heart rate during recovery.

A

Chemoreceptors detectdecreased in acidity
Proprioceptors / mechanoreceptors detectmovement
Baroreceptors detectdecreasedblood pressure
Parasympathetic nervous system to decrease heart rate
SA node decreases heart rate

26
Q

Explain how venous return mechanisms can aid venous return and prevent blood pooling as part of the netball player’s recovery (4)

A

Venous return mechanisms work to increase blood flow back to heart
Which meansnetballerwill speed up removal of lactic acid
Pocket valves in veins prevent backflow of blood
Skeletal muscle pump causes muscles of legs to contract squeezing veins
Smooth muscle in walls of veins contracts
Respiratory pump causes pressure differences within thoracic cavity

27
Q

Explain how the changes in the distribution of blood to the skeletal muscles and other organs is achieved during exercise (4)

A

Increase in heart rate/stroke volume/cardiac output means greater volumes of blood to muscles
Vasodilation of blood vessels leading to muscles
Dilation of pre-capillary sphincters to muscles
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels leading to other organs
Constriction of pre-capillary sphincters to other organs

28
Q

Explain how the muscle and respiratory pumps cause changes to venous return during exercise and during recovery. (2)

A

Exercise - More forceful muscular contractions cause VR toincrease
Recovery - Less forceful muscular contractions cause VR todecrease

29
Q

Outline why completing a cool down after exercise aids venous return (2)

A

The action of the muscle pump is maintained above resting level and gradually decreases
Blood pooling avoided as blood continues to move towards the heart
The action of the respiratory pump is maintained above resting level and gradually decreases because ventilation rate remains higher than at rest

30
Q

Identifymechanisms of venous return. (5)

A

Skeletal or muscle or muscular pump
Pocket valves
Respiratory muscle pump
Smooth muscle
Gravity

31
Q

Explain how an increase in venous return during exercise affects the quality of an athlete’s performance. (5)

A

… causes the walls of theatriato stretch
which stimulates theSA nodeto increase heart rate or firing rate or rate of impulses
… causes the walls of the ventricles to stretch
which causes a stronger force of contraction
Increase in stroke volume and therefore cardiac output
increase blood or oxygen supplyto muscles
increases endurance and delays fatigue

32
Q

Two mechanisms that aid venous return are the muscle pump and the respiratory pump. Describe thesetwovenous return mechanisms. (2)

A

Muscle pump:
Skeletal) muscles contract which compresses theveins
Respiratory pump:
Breathing causes apressuredifference between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

33
Q

Explain how the muscle and respiratory pumps cause changes to venous return during exercise and during recovery. (2)

A

More forceful muscular contractions cause VR toincrease
Less forceful muscular contractions cause VR todecrease

34
Q

Outline why completing a cool down after exercise aids venous return (1)

A

The action of the muscle pump is maintained above resting level and gradually decreases
Blood pooling reduced because blood continues to move towards the heart
The action of the respiratory pump is maintained above resting level and gradually decreases

35
Q

What term is used to describe the re-distribution of blood during physical activity (1)

A

Vascular shunt

36
Q

Explain how this re-distribution of blood during physical activity is achieved. (4)

A

More blood goes to the working muscles and less blood to non-essential organs
Role of the vasomotor centre in passing on messages about where blood is needed
Vasodilation of arterioles leading to muscles
Vasoconstriction of arterioles leading to some organs
Opening of pre-capillary sphincters to muscles
Closing of pre-capillary sphincters to organs

37
Q

Explain how this re-distribution of blood during physical activity is achieved. (4)

A

More blood goes to the working muscles and less blood to non-essential organs
Role of the vasomotor centre in passing on messages about where blood is needed via chemoreceptors / proprioceptors / baroreceptors
Vasodilation of arterioles leading to muscles
Vasoconstriction of arterioles leading to some organs
Opening of pre-capillary sphincters to muscles
Closing of pre-capillary sphincters to organs

PE anatomy and physiology OCR (23 decks)

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