Immunology- Transplantation

Question 1

Graft?

Answer 1

Piece of tissue that is transplanted

Question 2

Autograft?

Answer 2

Tissue grafted back from original donor

Question 3

Isograft?

Answer 3

Graft between genetically identical individuals e.g. twin

Question 4

Allograft?

Answer 4

Graft between individuals of the same species

Question 5

Xenograft?

Answer 5

Graft between two different species e.g. pig to human

Question 7

In which type of graft is there risk of reection?

Answer 7

Allograft

Question 7

What is the most common allograft?

Answer 7

Blood transfusion

Question 8

Which donor antigens can trigger graft infections?

Answer 8

MHC antigens - HLA in humans
ABO blood group

Question 9

How quickly does hyperacute rejection occur?

Answer 9

Within minutes

Question 10

How quickly does acute rejection occur?

Answer 10

Within several days

Question 11

How quickly does chronic rejection occur?

Answer 11

Within a few months to years

Question 12

How common is hyperacute reaction?

Answer 12

Uncommon due to pre-screening

Would be seen by the surgeon in the operating theatre

Question 13

Which type of hypersensitivity response is caused in acute rejection?

Answer 13

Type IV Hypersensitivity reaction

->delayed hypersensitivity reaction

Question 14

Risk factors for hyperacute or acute rejection?

Answer 14

Degree of HLA (mis)matching

Question 15

How can we prevent rejection?

Answer 15

Closer matching (HLA testing)
Better immunosuppression

Question 16

How can HLA alleles be identified?

Answer 16

Serology or sequencing

Cross-matching

Question 17

What is crossmatching?

Answer 17

A technique used to investigate whether the recipient has previously reacted to the HLA molecules that will be presented on the donor organ after transplantation

Question 18

Immunosuppression has transformed clinical transplantation.

However, what does it increase risks of?

Answer 18

Infections
Drug-induced side effects
Cancers
Other diseases

Question 19

What are the three main sources of haematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 19

Bone marrow
Peripheral blood
Umbilical cord

Question 20

GVHD?

Answer 20

Graft vs host disease

Question 21

If there is GVHD, what is the treatment?

Answer 21

High dose steroids
Immunosuppressants
Faecal microbial transplant
Ruxolitinib

Question 22

CMV?

Answer 22

Cytomegalovirus

->can occur in transplantation Most severe is Cytomegalovirus pneumonia