Immunology- Transplantation Flashcards
Graft?
Piece of tissue that is transplanted
Autograft?
Tissue grafted back from original donor
Isograft?
Graft between genetically identical individuals e.g. twin
Allograft?
Graft between individuals of the same species
Xenograft?
Graft between two different species e.g. pig to human
In which type of graft is there risk of reection?
Allograft
What is the most common allograft?
Blood transfusion
Which donor antigens can trigger graft infections?
MHC antigens - HLA in humans
ABO blood group
How quickly does hyperacute rejection occur?
Within minutes
How quickly does acute rejection occur?
Within several days
How quickly does chronic rejection occur?
Within a few months to years
How common is hyperacute reaction?
Uncommon due to pre-screening
Would be seen by the surgeon in the operating theatre
Which type of hypersensitivity response is caused in acute rejection?
Type IV Hypersensitivity reaction
->delayed hypersensitivity reaction
Risk factors for hyperacute or acute rejection?
Degree of HLA (mis)matching
How can we prevent rejection?
Closer matching (HLA testing)
Better immunosuppression
How can HLA alleles be identified?
Serology or sequencing
Cross-matching
What is crossmatching?
A technique used to investigate whether the recipient has previously reacted to the HLA molecules that will be presented on the donor organ after transplantation
Immunosuppression has transformed clinical transplantation.
However, what does it increase risks of?
Infections
Drug-induced side effects
Cancers
Other diseases
What are the three main sources of haematopoietic stem cells?
Bone marrow
Peripheral blood
Umbilical cord
GVHD?
Graft vs host disease
If there is GVHD, what is the treatment?
High dose steroids
Immunosuppressants
Faecal microbial transplant
Ruxolitinib
CMV?
Cytomegalovirus
->can occur in transplantation Most severe is Cytomegalovirus pneumonia
