Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3- Specialties > Immunology- Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Immunology- Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity?

A

Any inappropriate or excessive immune response that results in bystander damage to the self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Allergy?

A

Immune responses are induced against innocuous exogenous antigens
Antigen specific IgE or sensitized T cells play a definite role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autoimmuinity?

A

A harmful immune response directed against self-antigens
This can result in damage (autoimmune disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivty?

A

Immediate response

->usually IgE mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What mediates type 2 hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody medaiated cell damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What mediates type 3 hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What mediates type 4 hypersensitivity?

A

T cell mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Type V hypersensitivty?

A

A variant of type 2 hypersensitivity where antibodies can stimulate a function e.g. Graves disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give some examples of Type I hypersensitivity.

A

Allergies:

Asthma
Food allergy
Allergic rhinitis
Anaphylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three phases of type I hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Sensitisation
  2. Reaction Early-Phase
  3. Reaction Delayed-Phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens in sensitisation?

A

In some individuals, allergen exposure produces a strong T-cell response.
Antigen-presenting cells present the antigen to T-cells that produce the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, which in turn activate B cells.
B-cells secrete IgE antibody.
The IgE binds to mast cells, sensitizing them to the allergen

->just read over x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Common allergens?

A

Pollen
House dust mite
Animals
Latex
Peanuts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes people more susceptible to allergens?

A

Atopy
Age- children more common
Family size- less common in large famillies
Smoking
Dietary factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atopy?

A

Genetic predisposition to produce IgE antibody in response to environmental allergens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which conditions does atopy increase the risks of?

A

Asthma
Allergic rhinitis
Eczema
Food allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens in Early phase hypersensitivity?

A

Mast-cell degranulation occurs on subsequent exposure to the allergen
due to a specific IgE antibody–allergen interaction. This results in a cascade of biochemical events defined as the early allergic reaction,
which peaks at about 20–30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens to the body as a result of histamine chemokines?

A

Vasodilation
Bronchial constriction

->can cause wheezes and wheals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment for someone with too much histamine?

A

…

Anti-histamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens in the late phase of hypersensivity?

A

Broader cell-based cascade.
2 hours after exposure and continues
over several days.
Can become chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some of the investigations you can do to test for allergic disease?

A

Skin prick tests
Specific IgE tests
Component resolved diagnostics
Challenge tests
Mast cell tryptase
Non-specific markers for atopic state
(Total IgE, Eosinophil count)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is done in skin prick testing?

A

Prick skin with common allergens
Wheals will appear in response to allergens

22
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity does skin prick testing test?

A

Type I hypersensitivity

23
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity does skin patch allergen testing test?

A

Type IV hypersensitivity

24
Q

High levels of IgE in allergen specific IgE testing in response to an allergen means what?

A

Allergic to the allergen

Higher IgE, more likely they are allergic

25
Q

Management of allergic disease?

A

Avoid the allergen

26
Q

Symptom management of allergic disease?

A

Antihistamines
SABA/LAMA/SAMA inhalers in asthma
Decongestants in allergic rhinitis
Allergic immunotherapy

27
Q

Give some examples of mast cell prevention therapies.

A

Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Corticosteroids
Mast cell stabilisers
Biologics
Allergen immunotherapy

28
Q

Side effects of antihistamines?

A

Dry mouth
Drowsiness
Hypotension/dizziness
Urinary retention

29
Q

Side effects of steroids?

A

Immunosuppression
Cushing’s
Osteoporosis
Weight gain
Neutrophilia
Hyperglycaemia
Hypertension

30
Q

Allergen immunotherapy?

A

Giving the allergen in small quantities to retrain the immune system

31
Q

How do you manage anaphylaxis?

A

ABCD
Intramuscular adrenaline
IV fluids

32
Q

What are anaphylactoid reactions?

A

People who are exposed to an allergen for the first time in their life having an anaphylactic like response.

Similar but different to anaphylaxis

33
Q

Pathophysiology of Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Antibodies bind to cell-surface antigens and activates complement.

34
Q

Examples of Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
Myasthenia gravis
Good pastures syndrome
Graves disease- sometimes considered type V
Transfusion reactions e.g. rhesus, ABO

35
Q

What are some of the most common causes of anaphylaxis?

A

Bee and wasp stings
Foods
Latex rubber
Drugs

36
Q

What is the only useful lab test in anaphylaxis?

A

Blood mast cell tryptase

37
Q

Management of type II hypersensitivity?

A

Aim: removal of pathogenic antibody

Plasmapheresis- removal of blood and cellular constituents are replaced

combined with

Immunosuppression to reduce the production of the antibody

38
Q

Give an example of a localised type III hypersensitivity related condition.

A

Pigeon fancier’s lung

->bird derived proteins are repeatedly inhaled

39
Q

Give an example of a generalised type III hypersensitivity related condition.

A

SLE- systemic lupus erythemastosus

40
Q

How are type II hypersensitivities diagnosed?

A

Detection of relevant antibodies in the blood

Detection of immune complexes, often biopsies

Surrogate markers: consumption of complement factors *

->* complement factors in the blood may decrease because they are being consumed during systemic type III hypersensitivity reactions.

41
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is the slowest to respond?

A

Type IV

->can take 2 or 3 days for reaction to develop, delayed hypersensitivity

42
Q

Why may you want to do patch testing instead of skin pricking?

A

Patch testing is more suitable for type IV hypersensitivity as slower response. you check it 2-3 days after

Skin prick testing is immediate response

43
Q

What are haptens?

A

Small molecules that only elicit an immune response when attached to a larger carrier e.g. a protein.

The carrier will not always cause an immune response by itself

44
Q

Give some clinical examples of type IV hypersensitivity.

A

Contact dermatitis e.g. by poison ivy, nickel

->this is because the haptens in these materials can bind to a carrier in the body and elicit an immune response

45
Q

Eczema is an immunological and dermatological condition and has some crossovers.

What type of eczema is purely immunological based?

A

Contact allergic eczema

46
Q

Eczema is an immunological and dermatological condition and has some crossovers.

What type of eczema is purely dermatological based due to issues with the barrier function of the skin?

A

Contact irritant eczema

47
Q

Eczema is an immunological and dermatological condition and has some crossovers.

What type of eczema is both immunological and dermatological?

A

Atopic eczema

48
Q

How are diagnosis’s of type IV hypersensitivity conditions made?

A

Exposure to antigen e.g. patch testing

Biopsy- avoided if can

49
Q

Treatment for type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Avoid allergen if possible

50
Q
A

Year 3- Specialties (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions