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Year 3- Specialties > Haematology- Intro to Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology- Intro to Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main components of blood?

A

Plasma
WBCs
RBCs
Platelets

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2
Q

Where is blood predominantly made?

A

Bone marrow

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3
Q

Where is blood made as a foetus?

A

Yolk sac and then eventually liver and spleen

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4
Q

What type of stem cells differentiates into all blood cells?

A

Hemocytoblast, a type of multipotent hemopoietic stem cell

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5
Q

Which cell differentiates from myeloblasts?

A

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophil

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6
Q

Function of thrombocytes/platelets?

A

Blood clotting

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7
Q

Function of basophils?

A

Innate immune cell defending against allergens

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8
Q

Function of neutrophils?

A

Fights bacterial infection
High in levels of inflammation

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9
Q

Function of moncytes/macrophages?

A

‘Big eater’
Engulfs pathogens

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10
Q

Function of RBC?

A

Carries oxygen around the body.

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11
Q

Types of lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

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12
Q

When studying

A

Look over this PowerPoint for production of blood cells and the different malignancies.

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13
Q

Anaemia?

A

Low haemoglobin

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14
Q

Erythrocytosis or polycythaemia?

A

Increase in number of RBCs, haemoglobin or haematocrit

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15
Q

Mean cell volume?

A

Average volume of RBCs

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16
Q

Reticulocyte?

A

Final stage of RBC development before full maturation

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17
Q

Haemolysis?

A

Process which reduces lifespan of a RBC.

->commonly leads to anaemia

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18
Q

Haemoglobinopathy?

A

Mutation in globin genes leading to abnormal haemoglobin synthesis

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19
Q

In the classification of anaemia (low hb), what could be the type of anaemia if there is a low MCV?

A

Iron defiency anaemia
Haemoglobinopathies e.g. thalassaemia

20
Q

In the classification of anaemia (low hb), what could be the type of anaemia if there is a normal MCV?

A

Anaemia of chronic disease
Bone marrow failure

21
Q

In the classification of anaemia (low hb), what could be the type of anaemia if there is a high MCV?

A

Haematinic defiency
Haemolysis

22
Q

Leukopenia?

A

Low total WBC count

23
Q

Leucocytosis?

A

High told WBC count

24
Q

Thrombocytopenia?

A

Reduced platelet count

->Caused by decreased production or increased consumption of platelets

25
Q

Thrombocytosis?

A

High platelet count.

->Caused by increased production (e.g. response to inflammation) or decreased consumption (hyposplenism)

26
Q

Pancyotpenia?

A

A condition where there are lower levels of RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

->anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia

27
Q

List some of the causes of marrow failure.

A

Malignancy
Drugs- chemo, antibiotics
Infection- HIV
Nutritional
Radiation/poisons
Congenital

28
Q

Acute leukaemia?

A

A cancer of ‘blast’ cells in bone marrow.
Blasts crowd out normal haematopoiesis and cause marrow failure.
They circulate in blood and can cause enlarged spleen or liver.

29
Q

Chronic leukaemia?

A

Cancers of marrow where lymphocytes or granulocytes spill into blood and infiltrate the liver, spleen and lymph nodes.

Marrow disease can occur later in the disease.

30
Q

Lymphoma?

A

A cancer of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes

->if lymphoma is in the blood marrow, you may find lymphoma cells in the blood

31
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

32
Q

Since non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are such a wide range of diseases, which two categories are there to subdivide them?

A

High grade
Low grade

33
Q

What is the difference between a low and high grade Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Low grade- grow over months to years. May not require treatment until symptoms develop. Treatment is to induce remission but not cure.

High-grade: aggressive, life-threatening and need urgent treatment but often curable

34
Q

What are the two type of blood test to screen coagulation time?

A

PT- prothrombin time
APTT

35
Q

What is normal PTR range?

A

10-13.5secs

36
Q

What is normal APTT range?

A

25-35 secs

37
Q

Which coagulation pathway is tested using PT?

A

Extrinsic pathway

38
Q

Which coagulation pathway is tested using APTT?

A

Intrinsic pathway

39
Q

List some of the scenarios where PT can be prolonged.

A

Problems with Factors II, V, VII, X or fibrinogen
Warfarin use
Vitamin K deficiency
Severe liver disease
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

40
Q

List some of the scenarios where APTT can be prolonged.

A

Problems with Factor II, V, VIII, IX, X, XII or fibrinogen
Heparin therapy
Mild liver disease
DIC

41
Q

If both PT and APTT are elevated, which coagulation pathway(s) is there a defect in?

A

Both intrinsic and extrinsic

42
Q

If only PT is elevated, which coagulation pathway(s) is there a defect in?

A

Extrinsic pathway

43
Q

If only APTT is elevated, which coagulation pathway(s) is there a defect in?

A

Intrinsic pathway

44
Q

Give some examples of oral anticoagulants.

A

Warfarin
DOACs (direct oral anticoagulants) e.g. apixaban

45
Q

Give some examples of parenteral anticoagulants.

A

Heparin- unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin
Pentasaccharides

46
Q

When it comes to anaemia, it’s important to remember that RBCs can’t just disappear.
So what are some of the reasons that there may be low RBC levels in the blood?

A

Reduced production
Increased loss
Sequestration (isolation)
Dilution

47
Q

Macrocytosis is when there

A

Year 3- Specialties (26 decks)

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