Haematology- Intro to Haematology

Question 1

What are the four main components of blood?

Answer 1

Plasma
WBCs
RBCs
Platelets

Question 2

Where is blood predominantly made?

Answer 2

Bone marrow

Question 3

Where is blood made as a foetus?

Answer 3

Yolk sac and then eventually liver and spleen

Question 4

What type of stem cells differentiates into all blood cells?

Answer 4

Hemocytoblast, a type of multipotent hemopoietic stem cell

Question 5

Which cell differentiates from myeloblasts?

Answer 5

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophil

Question 6

Function of thrombocytes/platelets?

Answer 6

Blood clotting

Question 7

Function of basophils?

Answer 7

Innate immune cell defending against allergens

Question 8

Function of neutrophils?

Answer 8

Fights bacterial infection
High in levels of inflammation

Question 9

Function of moncytes/macrophages?

Answer 9

‘Big eater’
Engulfs pathogens

Question 10

Function of RBC?

Answer 10

Carries oxygen around the body.

Question 11

Types of lymphocytes?

Answer 11

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

Question 12

When studying

Answer 12

Look over this PowerPoint for production of blood cells and the different malignancies.

Question 13

Anaemia?

Answer 13

Low haemoglobin

Question 14

Erythrocytosis or polycythaemia?

Answer 14

Increase in number of RBCs, haemoglobin or haematocrit

Question 15

Mean cell volume?

Answer 15

Average volume of RBCs

Question 16

Reticulocyte?

Answer 16

Final stage of RBC development before full maturation

Question 17

Haemolysis?

Answer 17

Process which reduces lifespan of a RBC.

->commonly leads to anaemia

Question 18

Haemoglobinopathy?

Answer 18

Mutation in globin genes leading to abnormal haemoglobin synthesis

Question 19

In the classification of anaemia (low hb), what could be the type of anaemia if there is a low MCV?

Answer 19

Iron defiency anaemia
Haemoglobinopathies e.g. thalassaemia

Question 20

In the classification of anaemia (low hb), what could be the type of anaemia if there is a normal MCV?

Answer 20

Anaemia of chronic disease
Bone marrow failure

Question 21

In the classification of anaemia (low hb), what could be the type of anaemia if there is a high MCV?

Answer 21

Haematinic defiency
Haemolysis

Question 22

Leukopenia?

Answer 22

Low total WBC count

Question 23

Leucocytosis?

Answer 23

High told WBC count

Question 24

Thrombocytopenia?

Answer 24

Reduced platelet count

->Caused by decreased production or increased consumption of platelets

Question 25

Thrombocytosis?

Answer 25

High platelet count. ->Caused by increased production (e.g. response to inflammation) or decreased consumption (hyposplenism)

Question 26

Pancyotpenia?

Answer 26

A condition where there are lower levels of RBCs, WBCs and platelets. ->anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia

Question 27

List some of the causes of marrow failure.

Answer 27

Malignancy Drugs- chemo, antibiotics Infection- HIV Nutritional Radiation/poisons Congenital

Question 28

Acute leukaemia?

Answer 28

A cancer of ‘blast’ cells in bone marrow. Blasts crowd out normal haematopoiesis and cause marrow failure. They circulate in blood and can cause enlarged spleen or liver.

Question 29

Chronic leukaemia?

Answer 29

Cancers of marrow where lymphocytes or granulocytes spill into blood and infiltrate the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Marrow disease can occur later in the disease.

Question 30

Lymphoma?

Answer 30

A cancer of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes ->if lymphoma is in the blood marrow, you may find lymphoma cells in the blood

Question 31

What are the two types of lymphoma?

Answer 31

Hodgkin's lymphoma Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 32

Since non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are such a wide range of diseases, which two categories are there to subdivide them?

Answer 32

High grade Low grade

Question 33

What is the difference between a low and high grade Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer 33

Low grade- grow over months to years. May not require treatment until symptoms develop. Treatment is to induce remission but not cure. High-grade: aggressive, life-threatening and need urgent treatment but often curable

Question 34

What are the two type of blood test to screen coagulation time?

Answer 34

PT- prothrombin time APTT

Question 35

What is normal PTR range?

Answer 35

10-13.5secs

Question 36

What is normal APTT range?

Answer 36

25-35 secs

Question 37

Which coagulation pathway is tested using PT?

Answer 37

Extrinsic pathway

Question 38

Which coagulation pathway is tested using APTT?

Answer 38

Intrinsic pathway

Question 39

List some of the scenarios where PT can be prolonged.

Answer 39

Problems with Factors II, V, VII, X or fibrinogen Warfarin use Vitamin K deficiency Severe liver disease Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Question 40

List some of the scenarios where APTT can be prolonged.

Answer 40

Problems with Factor II, V, VIII, IX, X, XII or fibrinogen Heparin therapy Mild liver disease DIC

Question 41

If both PT and APTT are elevated, which coagulation pathway(s) is there a defect in?

Answer 41

Both intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 42

If only PT is elevated, which coagulation pathway(s) is there a defect in?

Answer 42

Extrinsic pathway

Question 43

If only APTT is elevated, which coagulation pathway(s) is there a defect in?

Answer 43

Intrinsic pathway

Question 44

Give some examples of oral anticoagulants.

Answer 44

Warfarin DOACs (direct oral anticoagulants) e.g. apixaban

Question 45

Give some examples of parenteral anticoagulants.

Answer 45

Heparin- unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin Pentasaccharides

Question 46

When it comes to anaemia, it's important to remember that RBCs can't just disappear. So what are some of the reasons that there may be low RBC levels in the blood?

Answer 46

Reduced production Increased loss Sequestration (isolation) Dilution

Question 47

Macrocytosis is when there