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Year 2 Gastrointestinal > Immunology of the GI tract > Flashcards

Immunology of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

in which part of the GI tract are lymphocytes and plasma cells located?

A

epithelia and lamina propria

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2
Q

the epithelia and lamina propria contain what immunological cells?

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

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3
Q

what is the most abundant Ig in the body?

A

IgA

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4
Q

what is the big difference between mucosal immunity and normal immunity in terms of duration?

A

mucosal immunity does not last as long

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5
Q

is there immune induction at effector cell sites? what are these sites?

A

no

lymphocytes in epithelia and lamina propria

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6
Q

what GALT is important in promoting IgA production and CTL responses?

A

Peyer’s patches

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7
Q

in which layer of the GI tract are Peyer’s patches located?

A

lamina propria

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8
Q

where are M cells found? what is their role?

A

dome epithelium of Peyer’s patches

transfer antigens from gut lumen to lymphoid tissue, which are then presented to T helper cells by APCs

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9
Q

M cells interact directly with which immune cells?

A

APCs

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10
Q

Peyer’s patches are covered by epithelium consisting of what special cell type?

A

M cells

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11
Q

what is the morphology of M cells?

A

ruffled, micro-folded membranes

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12
Q

which microbes exploit M cells to get into gut wall?

A

salmonella, yersinia, listeria, shigella

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13
Q

salmonella, yersinia, listeria, and shigella invade the gut wall through what mechanism?

A

bacterial proteins bind cellular receptors to induce uptake

phagocytosis and macropinocytosis via M cells

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14
Q

intraepithelial lymphocytes are composed primarily of what immune cell?

A

CD8 T cells

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15
Q

cells in the lamina propria are composed primarily of what immune cell?

A

CD4 T cells

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16
Q

pre-plasma cells leave peyer’s patches via what channels?

A

lymphatic capillaries

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17
Q

how do pre-plasma cells get to the lamina propria after leaving the peyer’s patches?

A

migrate via mesenteric lymph channels and thoracic duct

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18
Q

what molecules play a role in the homing of pre-plasma cells to the lamina propria?

A

addressins

19
Q

how does IgA get to the mucosal surface?

A

binds to poly-Ig receptors and transported across cell and delivered to mucosal surface

20
Q

which IgA is dimeric? which is monomeric?

A

dimeric - mucosal

monomeric - serum

21
Q

how does IgA1 differ from IgA2?

A

IgA1 can fix complement via the alternative pathway

22
Q

how does IgA prevent binding of microbes to epithelia and facilitate expulsion?

A

opsonize small pathogens for phagocytosis

eosinophil degranulation for parasites - eosinophils have receptors for IgA

23
Q

what subtype of T cells make up a significant % of epithelia-associated T cells in the GI tract?

A

gamma delta

24
Q

what are the antigens for gamma delta T cells in the GI tract?

A

heat shock proteins, nucleotides, phospholipids

25
Q

what comprises secretory component?

A

a piece of a poly-Ig receptor

26
Q

what is the role of secretory component?

A

protects IgA from being broken down by proteolytic enzymes

27
Q

what supplies the secretory component?

A

mucosal cell itself

28
Q

where are mast cells located?

A

deep to epithelia that is exposed to environment

29
Q

what is the normal immune function of mast cells?

A

IgE mediated defense against parasites

30
Q

what is oral tolerance?

A

immune system is told to not respond to certain antigens

a way to keep immune system’s hands off of things you eat in order to avoid an undesirable immune response

31
Q

what occurs following high dose of oral antigen?

A

clonal deletion of antigen-specific lymphocytes (they die)

32
Q

what occurs following low dose of oral antigen?

A

clonal anergy (unresponsiveness) and regulatory T cells suppress immune responses

regulatory T cells developed in GALT can migrate systemically

33
Q

what is the most common immunodeficiency in humans?

A

selective IgA deficiency

34
Q

selective IgA deficiency is associated with increased risk of what condition?

A

autoimmune disease

35
Q

reactions to food proteins are usually the result of what Ig?

A

IgE

36
Q

what is the response of intraepithelial lymphocytes following gluten sensitive enteropathy?

A

10x-15x increase in T cell reaction

37
Q

what is the result in the lamina propria following gluten sensitive enteropathy?

A

increase in TCR bearing CD4 and CD8 T cells

38
Q

untreated or partially treated gluten sensitivity enteropathy can lead to what conditions?

A

GI lymphoma, carcinoma

39
Q

crohn’s disease

A

inflammatory and granulomatous lesions commonly involving terminal ileum and ascending colon

40
Q

what is the antibody therapy for crohn’s disease?

A

infliximab

41
Q

what molecule plays a large role in crohn’s disease?

A

TNFa

42
Q

how does ulcerative colitis begin? secondary?

A

diffuse lymphocyte rich infiltrate

granulocytic inflammatory cells during abscess formation

43
Q

how does crohn’s disease begin?

A

classic macrophage containing granulomatous lesions

44
Q

what is the most common cause of pernicious anemia? what is the result?

A

autoantibodies against IF

B12 cannot be transported into circulation

Year 2 Gastrointestinal (38 decks)

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