Immunology II Flashcards
How are antibodies made?
- V(D)J recombination
- Junctional diversification
- Allelic exclusion
What is somatic hypermutation?
Antigens bind to antibodies on B cells ~> Clonal expansion, proliferation
Occurs in bone marrow
What does V(D)J recombination do?
Shuffles the light and heavy chains of the antibody.
How do T cell receptors (TCRs) and antigen presenting cells interacts?
Antigens are presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells (by proteins MHC)
TLRs bind to antigen
What are the two types of dendritic cells?
- Activating dendritic cell- presents 3 proteins, MHC, stimulation ligands, cell adhesion molecules
- Tolerising dendritic cell- presents MHC
What is Candica albicans?
Yeast that is normally free living on the body. It can become pathogenic.
Phagocytosis by macrophages converts it to hyphae.
What is Staphylococcus aureas?
Bacterium causing skin infections and pneumonia.
Protein binds to IgGs and immune system can not recognise it as self.
What is HIV?
RNA lentivirus infects T helper cells, dendritic cells, macrophages. Immune system attacks itself.
What is type I diabetes?
T killer cells attack beta cells that produce insulin.
What is multiple sclerosis?
Immune system attacks myeline sheath in neutrons.
Are immunosuppressed patients at a higher or lower risk of cancer?
Higher
What are tumour cells killed by?
NK, CD4+, CD8+
What cancer immunotherapy options are there?
- checkpoint inhibitors
- cytokines
- immunomodulators
- monoclonal antibodies with specific antigen detections
- chimeric antigen receptors
