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Immunology basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of T cell markings during development?

A

Double negative…neither CD4+ nor CD8+; then…
Double positive…both CD4+ and CD8+ (positive selection in cortex); then…
Single positive…either CD4+ or CD8+ (negative selection in medulla)

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2
Q

Why is there increased susceptibility to encapsulated organisms after a splenectomy?

A

↓ IgM → ↓ complement activation → ↓ C3 opsonization → ↑ susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria

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3
Q

What disease is associated with HLA-A3?

A

Hemochromatosis

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4
Q

What is the mnemonic for HLA-B27 associated diseases?

A

PAIR

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5
Q

What does the ‘P’ in “PAIR”…the HLA-B27 associated diseases mnemonic represent?

A

Psoriatic arthritis

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6
Q

What does the ‘A’ in “PAIR”…the HLA-B27 associated diseases mnemonic represent?

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

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7
Q

What does the ‘I’ in “PAIR”…the HLA-B27 associated diseases mnemonic represent?

A

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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8
Q

What does the ‘R’ in “PAIR”…the HLA-B27 associated diseases mnemonic represent?

A

Reactive arthritis

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9
Q

What HLA subtype is associated with Celiac disease?

A

HLA-DQ2/DQ8

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10
Q

What diseases are associated with HLA-DR2?

A

Multiple sclerosis
Hay fever
SLE
Goodpasture syndrome

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11
Q

What HLA subtypes are associated with diabetes type I? What other diseases are associated with this subtype?

A

HLA-DR3 is associated with DMI, SLE, and Graves disease

HLA-DR4 is associated with DMI and rheumatoid arthritis

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12
Q

What HLA subtype is associated with pernicious anemia?

A

HLA-DR5

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13
Q

Antigens are presented on MHC II to Th cells. Th cells then secrete cytokines. What cytokines are secreted and what do they activate?

A

IL-12 → Th1 cells
IL-4 → Th2 cells
TGF-β + IL-6 → Th17 cells
TGF-β → T(reg) cells

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14
Q

What cytokines are secreted by Th1 cells?

A

IL-2 (all T cells)
IL-3 (all T cells)
IFN-γ

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15
Q

What does IL-2 do?

A

Stimulates T cells

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16
Q

What does IL-3 do?

A

Stimulates differentiation of bone marrow stem cells

17
Q

What does IFN-γ do?

A

Activates NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
Activates macrophages
Inhibits Th2 cell differentiation

18
Q

What cytokines are secreted from Th2 cells?

A 
IL-2 (all T cells)
IL-3 (all T cells)
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-10 (also secreted by T(reg))
19
Q

What does IL-4 do?

A 
Induces differentiation into Th2 cells
Promotes B cell growth
Enhances class switching to IgE and IgG
20
Q

What does IL-5 do?

A

Promotes differentiation of B cells
Enhances class switching to IgA
Stimulates the growth and differentiation of eosinophils

21
Q

What does IL-6 do?

A

Causes fever

Stimulates production of acute-phase proteins

22
Q

What does IL-10 do?

A

Modulates inflammatory response

Inhibits Th1 activation

23
Q

What CD markers do T(reg) cells have? What type of cytokines are secreted by T(reg) cells?

A

CD3, CD4, CD25, and tsx factor FOXP3

T(reg) secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β)

24
Q

What are some characteristics of the Fc portion of an antibody?

A 
4 C's and a D
Constant
Carboxy terminal
Complement binding
Carbohydrate side chains
Determines isotype (IgM, IgD, etc)
25
Q

What are some characteristics of the Fab portion of an antibody?

A 
Antigen-binding fragment
Determines idiotype (antigen binding site)
26
Q

What allows antibody diversity?

A

Recombination of VJ on light-chain (little guys on outside of ‘Y’)
Recombination of V(D)J on heavy-chain (tails of the ‘Y’)

27
Q

Where are IgM and IgD expressed? What secretes IgA, IgE, or IgG?

A 
IgM and IgD are on the surface of B cells
Isotype switching (in the germinal centers of lymph nodes) forms plasma cells that can secrete IgA, IgE, or IgG
28
Q

Which Ig can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

29
Q

Which Ig is released into breast milk?

A

IgA

30
Q

What is seen with C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency (a complement disorder)?

A

Hereditary angioedema

ACE inhibitors are contraindicated

31
Q

What increases the risk of severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus/respiratory tract infections and increases susceptibility to type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A

C3 deficiency (a complement disorder)

32
Q

What causes increased susceptibility to recurrent Neisseria bacteremia?

A

C5-C9 deficiencies (complement disorders)

33
Q

What causes paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?

A

DAF deficiency…aka GPI anchored enzyme deficiency (a complement disorder)

34
Q

What do IFN-β and IFN-α do?

A

“Prime” cells surrounding a virally-infected cell…causes cells to undergo apoptosis if the virus tries to replicate in it

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