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Basic pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major, tell-tale difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

A

Apoptosis is planned and does NOT cause inflammation

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2
Q

What is the defect that causes autoimmune disorders?

A

Defective Fas-FasL interaction during negative selection

part of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway

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3
Q

What tissues undergo coagulative necrosis?

A

Heart, liver, kidneys…other end-artery supplied tissues

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4
Q

What gets degraded first in coagulative necrosis?

A

Proteins denature first…followed by enzymatic degradation

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5
Q

What is seen on biopsy with coagulative necrosis?

A

Necrotic tissue remains firm
Organ structure remains firm

(Infarction → wedge-shaped and pale area)

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6
Q

What would be seen on microscopy with coagulative necrosis?

A

Nuclei disappear

Increased cytoplasmic binding of acidophilic dye

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7
Q

What causes a red-infarction?

A

The necrotic tissue is loosely organized (seen in liver, lungs, and intestine), and blood re-enters

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8
Q

What are examples of liquefactive necrosis?

A

Necrosis in the brain
Bacterial abscesses
Pancreatitis

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9
Q

What gets degraded first with liquefactive necrosis?

A

Enzymes get degraded d/t release of lysosomal enzyme release

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10
Q

What causes caseous necrosis?

A

TB
Systemic fungi
Nocardia

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11
Q

What are some cases of fat necrosis?

A

Pancreatitis

Trauma

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12
Q

How does pancreatitis cause fat necrosis?

A

Enzymatic saponification

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13
Q

What is seen with fatty necrosis?

A

Dark blue staining calcium deposits

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14
Q

Where does fibrinoid necrosis take place?

A

Blood vessel walls…results in bright pink staining

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15
Q

What causes fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Vasculitis

Malignant HTN

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16
Q

What does gangrenous necrosis look like? Where will it likely occur?

A

Mummified tissue

Limbs or GI tract

17
Q

What is it called when there is an infection in addition to the gangrenous necrosis?

A

Wet liquefactive (or gangrenous) necrosis

18
Q

What are the two major categories of shock?

A

Distributive

Hypovolemic/cardiogenic

19
Q

What are the subcategories of distributive shock?

A

Septic
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic

20
Q

What kind of cardiac output is seen with distributive shock?

A

High-output

↓TPR, ↑CO, ↑venous return

21
Q

What kind of cardiac output is seen with hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock?

A

Low-output (don’t over think it)

↑TPR, ↓CO, ↓venous return

22
Q

What is one lab that could be done to distinguish hypovolemic shock and cardiogenic shock?

A

Pulmonary wedge pressure (PCWP)

↓ in hypovolemic
↑ in cardiogenic

23
Q

What is one way to possibly distinguish distributive shock from hypovolemic/cardiogenic shock at the scene w/o running any labs?

A

Check the skin

Distributive → vasodilation → warm, dry skin

Hypovolemic/cardiogenic → vasocosntriction → cold, clammy skin

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