Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Boards > Endocrine II > Flashcards

Endocrine II Flashcards

1
Q

What causes Graves disease?

A

Autoimmune stimulation of the thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What HLA markers are associated with Graves disease?

A

HLA-DR3

HLA-B8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What drugs are used to treat Graves disease?

A

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

Methimazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the MoA of PTU?

A

Inhibits oxidation of I- (inhibits iodination of thyroglobulin)
Inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the side effects seen with PTU?

A

Agranulocytosis

Liver dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the MoA of methimazole?

A

Inhibits oxidation of I- (inhibits iodination of thyroglobulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the side effects seen with methimazole?

A

Agranulocytosis
Fetal aplasia cubis (fatal scalp defect)
Fetal goiter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is PTU used? When is methimazole used?

A

PTU is used in pregnant women for the first trimester

Methimazole is used any time other than in pregnant women during the first trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

There are “hot nodules” in the thyroid. What is the likely diagnosis? What is the likely cause?

A

Toxic adenoma and multinodular goiter

D/t mutation in TSH receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When is iodine induced hyperthyroidism (Jod-Baselow Phenomenon) seen?

A

Increased iodine…like after contrast dyes are used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A patient comes in with a painful goiter and explains a course of hyperthyroid period to now being hypothyroid. What is the likely diagnosis? What causes it? Is it bad?

A

Subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain) d/t focal destruction of thyroid with granulomatous inflammation

De Quervain is usually self-limited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is de Quervain associated with?

A

HLA-B35

Viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is a thyroid storm treated?

A

Beta-blocker

PTU or methimazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are all babies screened for congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Because it can cause impaired physical/mental growth (and an enlarged tongue and enlarged/distended abdomen) and the symptoms can be avoided entirely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A patient presents with hypothryoid symptoms and a painless goiter. What should be on the differential?

A 
Hashimoto thyroiditis (lymphocytic inflammation)
B-cell lymphoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What HLA subtypes are seen with Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

HLA-DR5

HLA-B5

17
Q

What is the biggest concern about a rock hard goiter?

A

Riedel’s thyroiditis can extend into the airway

18
Q

Thyroid cancer is expected, and the cleared out cells and psammoma bodies are seen on biopsy. What is the likely diagnosis? What are some risk factors?

A

Thyroid papillary cancer…has a good prognosis

Tobacco use, radiation exposure, genetics (RET gene, BRAF gene)
Activation of a tyrosine kinase

19
Q

Thyroid cancer is expected, and fibrous covered nodules are seen on a biopsy. What is the likely diagnosis? How can it spread? What are some associations?

A

Follicular carcinoma can spread hematogenously

Follicular carcinoma is associated with RAS mutation, PAX8-PPAR-gamma1 rearrangement

20
Q

What is secreted from a medullary carcinoma? What is this cancer associated with?

A

Medullary carcinomas secrete calcitonin

MEN2A&B are associated with medullary carcinomas (RET mutation)
Tyrosine kinase activation

21
Q

An old patient comes in with a new rock hard goiter. What is the likely diagnosis? Is this bad?

A

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is bad

22
Q

Diabetes type I is associated with which HLA types?

A

HLA-DR3-DQ2
HLA-DR4-DQ8

Both on chromosome 6

23
Q

Why are Schwann cells, lens, retina, and kidney most often damaged with diabetes?

A

These tissues don’t have sorbitol hydroxylase…after aldolase B converts glucose to sorbitol, it just stays in the cell…increasing the oncotic gradient

24
Q

What causes DKA?

A

Various things create a state of excess glucagon, catecholamines and/or corticosteroids

25
Q

What kind of opto/nasal fungi are associated with DKA?

A

Mucormycosis (mucor or rhizopus)

26
Q

DKA is seen in DMI, what is sometimes seen in DMII?

A

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)…there is some insulin…so no ketones

Ketosis prone DMII also exists…strong genetic component

27
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei are acted on by leptin?

A

Lateral nuclei…leptin inhibits

Ventromedial nuclei…leptin activates

28
Q

What hypothalamic nuclei regulate food intake outside of leptin’s signals?

A

Paraventricular nuclei
Dorsal medial nuclei
Arcuate nucleus

29
Q

What drugs cause an increased appetite?

A

Atypical antipsychotics
Mirtazepine
Many diabetes drugs
Some progestins

30
Q

What is orlistat?

A

A weight loss drug…inhibits fat absorption

Boards (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions