Immunology

Question 1

What is an antigen

Answer 1

Any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it . This means that your immune system does not recognise the substance and is trying to fight it off .

Question 2

What are antibodies ?

Answer 2

Also called immunoglobulins , a protective protein produced in response to the presence of a foreign substance called an antigen.

Question 3

What are the two types of immunity ?

Answer 3

Natural (innate )

Acquired (adaptive )

Question 4

Explain natural immunity

Answer 4

Is a non specific immunity present at birth.

Responses to a foreign invader are very similar from one encounter to the next .

Question 5

Name some natural immunity mechanisms

Answer 5

Tears -enzymes
Saliva -enzymes
Skin - ph , sweat , oils
Stomach - Hydrochloric acid

Question 6

What is the correct name for white blood cells

Answer 6

Leukocytes

Question 7

Explain Adaptive immunity

Answer 7

Responds slowly over days
Detects foreign invaders via their specific antigen
Uses the combined effort of lymphocytes called B cells and T cells

Question 8

Name the 3 types of leukocytes ( white blood cells )

Answer 8

Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

Question 9

Name the three types of granulocytes

Answer 9

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 10

Explain the role of granulocytes

Answer 10

They are phagocytes (like pac man ) they ingest any foreign substances.

Question 11

Explain the role of neutrophils

Answer 11

They are phagocytes

They are increased in bacterial infections , trauma , surgery , burns , inflammation

Make PUS - pus is a soup of degraded neutrophils

Question 12

Explain eosinophils

Answer 12

Targets antigens on objects too large to be engulfed.

Attack using cytolytic enzyme

Increases during conditions such as asthma , allergies , parasitic infections , allergies .

Question 13

Explain basophils

Answer 13

Least common type of granulocytes

Involved in allergic reactions and involved in the release of HISTAMINE which helps to trigger inflammation

Question 14

What are the two types of monocytes ?

Answer 14

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

Question 15

Explain dendritic cells

Answer 15

They are able to mark out cells that are antigens (foreign bodies ) that need to be destroyed by lymphocytes

Question 16

What does cyte mean

Answer 16

Cells

Question 17

Explain macrophages

Answer 17

They are phagocytes cells but are larger and live much longer than neutrophils

Question 18

When are monocytes increased?

Answer 18

In acute and chronic infections such as tuberculosis , brucellosis , Protozoa

Question 19

Name the types of lymphocytes

Answer 19

B cells

Or T cells

Question 20

What are B cell lymphocytes responsible for ?

Answer 20

Producing proteins called antibodies

Question 21

Name the 8 cells of the innate immune system

Answer 21

Neutrophils 
Mast cells 
Basophils 
Dendritic cells 
Eosinophils 
Monocytes 
Macrophages 
Natural killer cells

Question 22

What is phagocytosis

Answer 22

A cell eating

Question 23

What cell is known as a “poly morpho nuclear leukocyte “

Answer 23

Neutrophils

Question 24

What degraded cells make pus ?

Answer 24

Neutrophils

Question 25

Which cell moves from blood to tissue spaces for invading pathogens ?

Answer 25

Macrophages

Question 26

Which cells are known as the antigen presenting cells and why do they have that name ?

Answer 26

Dendritic cells

They detected the antigens on the pathogens for the lymphocytes