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Clinical Medicine I > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

physical barriers, inflammation, the complement system and WBCs compose what?

A

the innate immune system

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2
Q

lymphocytes, T Cells, B cells, NK cells and antibodies are components of what?

A

the acquired immune system

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3
Q

what triggers the classical pathway of complement activation?

A

antibodies binding to the antigen

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4
Q

The C1 complex is composed of what? and releases what?

A

composed of antigen and antibody.

releases C2a and C4b fragments which combine to form C3

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5
Q

C3 is cleaved by what enzyme, becoming what?

A

cleaved by C3 convertase, becomes C3a and C3b

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6
Q

What action does C3b have?

A

C3b cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b

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7
Q

once C5b is present, what can be formed?

A

the membrane attack complex

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8
Q

the membrane attack complex is formed by which proteins?

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9

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9
Q

Describe the 5 main steps of the complement pathway

A
  1. activation
  2. C3 convertase formation
  3. opsonization/phagocytosis
  4. inflammation
  5. membrane attack complex and lysis
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10
Q

what happens to neutrophils when there is endothelial damage?

A

chemical signals from endothelium help neutrophils become “sticky” and stop rolling along capillary wall

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11
Q

In the inflammatory response, mast cells from the tissue release what?

A

histamine

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12
Q

histamine release causes vasodilation, which allows what?

A

holes open between endothelial cells

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13
Q

Because of the histamine mediated openings between endothelial cells, what can enter the tissue?

A

fluid, leukocytes

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14
Q

When neutrophils squeeze through the endothelium, that is called what?

A

extravasation

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15
Q

“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas” describes the distribution of what?

A

WBCs in the blood.

Neutrophils (62%)
Lymphocytes (30%)
Monocytes (5%)
Eosinophils (2.5%)
Basophils (0.5%)
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16
Q

these cells have the following characteristics:

  • Phagocytes and Granulocyte
  • 1st responders/scouts
  • active against bacteria
  • Myeloblast derived
A

Neutrophil

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17
Q

what does an increase in band neutrophils indicate?

A

bone marrow creating more WBCs

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18
Q

An increase in band neutrophils is described as what in lab values?

A

leukocytosis with left shift

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19
Q

why are immature neutrophils called band neutrophils?

A

they do not have segmented nucleus yet

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20
Q

Luekocytosis with a left shift indicates what?

A

acute bacterial infection

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21
Q

what percent of bands indicates a left shift?

A

> 8%

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22
Q

Neutrophilia indicates what?

A

acute infection, nonspecific inflammation, metabolic issues

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23
Q

Neutropenia indicates what?

A

viral infection, bone marrow disease, chemo/radiation therapy, toxicity

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24
Q

This WBC has the following characteristics:

  • Histamine and heparine granules
  • Allergic and antigen response
A

basophils

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25
Q

This WBC has the following characteristics:

  • target large parasites
  • modulate allergic inflammatory response
  • rare in blood
  • found in mucous membranes of respiratory, digestive urinary tracts
A

eosinophils

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26
Q

This WBC has the following characteristics:

  • releases histamine and heparin
  • Present in mucosa
  • important for allergy and anaphylaxis
A

mast cells

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27
Q

This WBC has the following characteristics:

  • largest WBC
  • found in spleen
  • differentiate to become macrophage or dentritic cell
A

monocytes

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28
Q

what are the primary lymph organs?

A

bone marrow, thymus

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29
Q

what cell matures in the bone marrow?

A

b-cells

30
Q

what cell matures in the thymus?

A

t-cells

31
Q

what are the secondary lymph organs?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT

32
Q

This organ removes old blood cells, synthesizes Abs, removes antigens via blood and lymph

A

spleen

33
Q

this organ filters foreign molecules and cancer cells

A

lymph nodes

34
Q

this organ filters bacteria and viruses. found in oral/nasal mucosa

A

tonsils/adenoids

35
Q

This tissue type regulates mucosal immunity

A

MALT

36
Q

This condition results in the following:

  • modest leukophilia
  • diminished response to live vaccines
  • increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria
A

asplenia

37
Q

what is the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled pathogens?

A

tonsils/adenoids

38
Q

This tissue is populated by b cells, t-cells, plasma cells and macrophages.

it specializes in sampling antigens and delivering to lymphoid tissue

A

MALT

39
Q

this type of adaptive immunity has the following characteristics:

  • antibody mediated
  • B-lymphocytes
  • works by circulation of Abs
  • Effective against extracellular pathogens
A

Humoral immunity

40
Q

This type of adaptive immunity has the following characteristics:

  • Cell mediated
  • T-lymphocytes
  • Direct cell-to-cell contact or secreted products
  • Effective against intracellular pathogens, tumors, etc.
A

cell-mediated

41
Q

Where are B lymphocytes created, where do they mature, and where do you migrate to?

A

born in bone marrow

mature in bone-marrow

migrate to spleen, lymph nodes, MALT

42
Q

Describe the steps to activate a b-lymphocyte

A

antigen binds to mature naive b lymphocyte receptor

b lymphocyte proliferates

clones differentiate to become plasma or memory cells

43
Q

What do antigens bind to on b-cells to activate them?

A

b cell receptor (BCR)

44
Q

What are the five types of immunoglobulin?

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD
45
Q

This immune globulin is:

  • 1st responder produced by plasma cell
  • Large
  • does not cross placenta
  • Activates the complement system
  • Short half-life
  • 5-10% of circulating Abs
A

IgM

46
Q

This immunoglobulin has the following characteristics:

  • Second antibody produced by plasma cells
  • crosses placenta
  • opsonizing activity
  • most abundant Ab (75%)
  • 21 day half life
  • can activate complement
A

IgG

47
Q

The presence of IgM indicates what?

A

acute infection

48
Q

A titer is drawn to test immunity. The results are the following:

IgG: Reactive
IgM: non-reactive
IgG avidity: high avidity

What does this indicate?

A

past infection from the pathogen

49
Q

A titer is drawn to test immunity. The results are the following:

IgG: Reactive
IgM: Reactive
IgG Avidity: low avidity

What does this indicate?

A

primary infection

50
Q

A titer is drawn to test immunity. The results are the following:

IgG: reactive
IgM: Reactive
IgG avidity: high avidity

what does this indicate?

A

non-primary infection

Low risk for in-utero transmission

51
Q

when a booster dose is given, does IgM respond in the same magnitude it did during primary vaccination?

A

yes

52
Q

When a booster dose is given, does IgG respond in the same magnitude it did during primary vaccination?

A

No, much greater response

53
Q

This immunoglobulin has the following characteristics:

  • found in mucosal membranes
  • found in secretions including breast milk
  • weak opsonizer, doesn’t activate complement
A

IgA

54
Q

This immunoglobulin has the following characteristics:

  • produced in allergic response
  • defends against helminths and parasaites
  • binds mast cells
  • mediates histamine release
  • large role in Type I hypersensitivity
A

IgE

55
Q

This immunoglobulin has the following characteristics:

  • involved in B-cell activation
  • not well understood
A

IgD

56
Q

a newborn is positive for IgM Abs. what does this indicate?

A

in utero infection of the infant

57
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes get created, and where are they matured?

A

created in bone marrow, mature in thymus

58
Q

What is the 1st signal of t-cell activation

A

TCR binding to MHC-antigen complex of an antigen presenting cell

TCR binds APC

59
Q

what is the second signal of t-cell activation?

A

T-Cell CD28 binds APC’s B7

60
Q

This T-Cell…

is “the regulator”

prevents immune overactivity

distinguishes self vs non-self

doesn’t express surface receptors

doesn’t bind to MHC

A

Suppressor T-Cells

61
Q

This T-Cell…

is “the veteran”

recognizes antigens from previous exposure

doesn’t express surface receptors

doesn’t bind MHC

A

memory t-cell

62
Q

This T-Cell…

stimulates B-Cells and T-Cells to proliferate

Activates macrophages

Activates NK cells

Displays CD4

Binds MHC II

A

helper T-cell

63
Q

this T-Cell…

directly kills virus infected cells

kills tumor cells

expresses CD8

binds MHC I

A

cytotoxic t cell

64
Q

What type of cell has major histocompatibility complexes on surfaces which display antigen to TCRs?

A

antigen presenting cells

65
Q

What cells have an MHC Class I?

A

surface of all nucleated cells

66
Q

What cells have MHC class II?

A

surface of b-cells, dentritic cells, macrophages

67
Q

The granulocytes are…

A

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

mast cells

68
Q

the agranulocytes are

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

69
Q

monocytes can differentiate to become…

A

dendritic cells

macrophages

70
Q

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and monocytes originate from what cell?

A

myeloid progenitor

71
Q

plasma B cells, memory B cells, t-cells, and NK cells originate from what cell?

A

lymphoid stem cell

Clinical Medicine I (25 decks)

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