Immunology

Question 1

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

to scree the interstitial fluid for pathogens in area of your body most likely to get infected
It aids in the absorption of dietary fats and vitamins from the digestive system

Question 2

what is lymph?

Answer 2

The fluid of the lymphatic system

Question 3

how is lymph made?

Answer 3

from the plasma that leaves the cardiovascular system and enters the tissues that becomes interstitial fluid, about 20% of the remaining IF enters lymphatic capillaries as lymph

Question 4

Where does lymph go?

Answer 4

lymph gets delivered to lymphatic capillaries nodes through lymphatic vessels

Question 5

describe lymphatic capillaries and their function

Answer 5

the smallest of the lymphatic vessels and the origin of lymph flow

Question 6

describe red bone marrow and the function

Answer 6

the site of production and differentiation of many formed elements of the blood.
It is the primary lymphoid organ, a site where lymphocytes mature and proliferate

Question 7

describe the thymus and its function

Answer 7

a bi lobed, h shaped glandular organ, located just above the heart, surrounded by a fibrous capsule of CT
A primary lymphoid organ, a site where lymphocytes mature and proliferate

Question 8

describe lymph nodes and their function

Answer 8

bean shaped organs found associated with the lymphatic vessels
Houses many leukocytes that bind foreign particles present in the lymph and initiate an immune response

Question 9

describe the spleen and its function

Answer 9

primarily responsible for filtering blood, it is often considered the body’s largest lymph node

Question 10

describe the tonsils and their function

Answer 10

lymphoid nodules associated with the nasopharynx

Question 11

Describe mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and the function

Answer 11

Lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive tract and respiratory system

Question 12

describe lacteals and the function

Answer 12

specialized lymphatic capillaries associated with the gut
They absorb bile and lipids from the digestive tract

Question 13

Why are the bone marrow and thymus considered primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 13

they are both involved in leukocyte development

Question 14

What is innate immunity?

Answer 14

the processes you are born with that provide resistance to pathogens entering, binding, and causing disease to the body

Question 15

What are the first lines of defense in innate immunity?

Answer 15

skin and mucous membranes

Question 16

How do skin and mucous membranes work?

Answer 16

These boundaries contain chemical substances that resist pathogens adherence and propagation

Question 17

What are the second lines of defense in innate immunity?

Answer 17

PAMPs, DAMPs, PRRs, the cells of innate immunity

Question 18

How do Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) work?

Answer 18

They are molecular patterns on pathogens your innate immune system can recognize.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Peptidoglycan

Question 19

How does Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) work?

Answer 19

damaged tissue may elicit these molecular patterns that your innate immune cell receptors can bind to.

Question 20

How do pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) work?

Answer 20

the receptors on innate immune cells that bind PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 21

What are the cells of innate immunity?

Answer 21

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Question 22

Explain phagocytosis

Answer 22

the process of cells engulfing other cells, bacteria, or debris

Question 23

What cells perform phagocytosis?

Answer 23

neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

Question 24

Describe the 4 phases of inflammation

Answer 24

1. Tissue injury causing inflammatory chemical release
2. Vasodilation
3. Increased vascular permeability
4. Phagocyte mobilization

Question 25

What Is the function of histamine in the inflammation process?

Answer 25

histamine promotes vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction, increased secretion, and mucus production

Question 26

What is complement?

Answer 26

a cascade of events initiated by either the classical, alternative or lectin pathways

Question 27

How is complement activated?

Answer 27

it begins with several proteins becoming activated by enzymatic fragmentation in the presence of a pathogen

Question 28

What does the complement process ultimately lead to?

Answer 28

the destruction of bacteria, enhanced inflammation, and mobilization of leukocytes

Question 29

describe fever

Answer 29

increased body temperature, part of a normal innate immune response

Question 30

How is a fever triggered?

Answer 30

pathogens and leukocytes release pyrogens (chemicals that signal the hypothalamus to increase body temperature) that signal the hypothalamus to raise body temperature

Question 31

How is fever helpful?

Answer 31

fevers inhibit the production of viruses and bacteria, increasing the metabolic rate of your cels, and enhance the actions of immune system protein such as interferons and some enzymes

Question 32

Explain extra action (diapedesis) of leukocytes

Answer 32

leukocytes stop completely and squeeze through the clefts between endothelial cells

Question 33

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 33

designed to recognize self from non self, it mounts reactions that are specific to the particular substance or pathogen presented. The cells and chemical factors involved in adaptive immunity come into play when first and second line defenses fail

Question 34

What is an antigen?

Answer 34

any substance that causes antibody formation, also known as immunogen

Question 35

Describe major histocompatibility complex

Answer 35

a gene cluster whose proteins present antigens to T cells
There are 2 distinct membrane bound proteins that play roles in antigen presentation

Question 36

What is antibody mediated immunity?

Answer 36

also known as humoral immunity. Primarily involves B cells and neutralizes threats outside human cells

Question 37

How are antibodies produced?

Answer 37

Produced by plasma cels which are differentiated B cells
-B cells become activated, proliferate, and differentiate into plasma cells that secrete large quantities of antibodies

Question 38

Describe antibody structure

Answer 38

Y shaped molecule made up of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
The Fc region determines the antibody class and function

Question 39

Describe immunological memory

Answer 39

the first time you are exposed to an antigen, long lived memory lymphocytes are generated providing an army of defense in case you are exposed to the same or similar pathogen again, this is the primary adaptive response, the secondary adaptive response occurs upon reexposure

Question 40

describe clonal selection

Answer 40

when a B cell or T cell binds its specific antigen, it is selected for activation

Question 41

Describe clonal expansion

Answer 41

the selected cell proliferates, creating clones that are identical and specific to the same antigen. some of these clones differentiate into effector cells while others become memory cells

Question 42

What is cell mediated immunity?

Answer 42

Adaptive immunity
activated by helper T cell subclass Th1

Question 43

What cells carry out cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 43

cytotoxic T cells:
-CD8-TC

Question 44

Describe helper T cells and their function

Answer 44

Also known as CD4+
-or

Question 46

What do antibodies do?

Answer 46

-Neutralization
-Opsonization
-Agglutination
-Activation of complement
-Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity