Blood Flashcards
What is the function of blood?
Transportation, regulation and defense
What is the blood volume of a person who weighs around 150lbs?
Approx. 5L
What are the formed elements in blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
What is plasma?
Mostly water, proteins and other solutes: nutrients, electrolytes, gases and wastes
What is hemopoiesis?
The production of the formed elements of blood, it occurs in the red marrow
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
what is the function of erythrocytes?
transportation of gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) throughout the body’s blood vessels
how long do erythrocytes last in the body?
about 120 days
what hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes?
the peptide hormone erythropoietin (EPO)
What structure releases the hormone EPO?
The kidneys
describe red blood cell recycling
-old or damaged RBC are phagocytized by macrophages
-globin portion is metabolized into amino acids, used for protein synthesis
-The heme portion is broken down into biliverdin for transport in the blood.
-Unused heme groups can be recycled and used in hemopoiesis, or converted into bilirubin and used to make bile in the liver
What are leukocytes?
white blood cells
what is the function of leukocytes?
mostly to fight infection
what are the 2 major groups of leukocytes?
granular and agranular
What are granular leukocytes?
white blood cells that have granules or small particles with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions and asthma
name the granular leukocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
What is the neutrophils function?
the first responders, extremely aggressive at phagocytizing bacteria and damaged tissue.
Release chemicals that affect local inflammation and attract other leukocytes to the area
What is the eosinophils function?
phagocytic cells, effective with antigen-antibody complexes. Release antihistamines. Increase in numbers for allergies and parasitic infections
What is the basophils function?
release vesicles of histamine and heparin which promotes inflammation
What are agranular leukocytes?
White blood cells that have smaller, less visible granules in their cytoplasm
Name the agranular leukocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes
What is the monocytes function?
Very effective phagocytic cells engulfing pathogens or worn out cells.
Antigen presenting cells for components of the immune system
What are lymphocytes function?
T cells- recognizes foreign molecules. Directly attack other cells
B cells- stimulated to proliferate and produce antibodies that can bind and attack foreign pathogens
NK cells- immune surveillance, recognize surface markers and detect abnormal or infected cells.
What is diapedesis?
The passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanies inflammation
What are megakaryocytes?
Very large cells located in the bone marrow, they shed fragments of themselves which become platelets
What is the function of the megakaryocyte?
to produce thrombocytes (platelets)
What is hemostasis?
physiological process which stops bleeding
What are the 3 steps in hemostasis?
- vascular spasm
- formation of platelet plug
- coagulation
What does fibrinogen contribute to hemostasis?
It converts into fibrin, which forms a meshwork that traps formed elements of the blood in clot formation
What does prothrombin contribute to hemostasis?
It converts into thrombin, an enzyme essential for the final steps in the formation of a fibrin clot
What determines a person’s blood type?
Which surface antigens are present
What blood type is the universal donor?
O- because there are no antigens on the surface of the cell for antibodies to bind to
What blood type i
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB+ because they have both A and B antigens and Rh antigens on the cell’s surface, therefore they do not produce anti-A, anti-B or anti-Rh antibodies
What blood can A+ donate to and receive from?
donate: A+, AB+
receive: A+, A-, AB+, AB-
What blood can A- donate to and receive from?
Donate:A-, A+, AB-, AB+
Receive: A-, O-
What blood can B+ donate and receive?
Donate: B+, AB+
Receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
What blood can B-donate and receive?
Donate: B-, B+, AB-, AB+
Receive: B-, O-
What blood can AB+ donate and receive?
Donate: AB+
Receive: ALL
What blood can AB- donate and receive?
Donate: AB+, AB-
Receive: AB-, A-, B-, O-
What blood can O+ donate and receive?
Donate: O+, A+, B+, AB+
Receive: O+,O-
What blood can O- donate and receive?
Donate: All
Receive: O-
What is the Rh factor and where is it found?
Special antigens found on the blood cell
