Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P 142 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the role of the oral cavity in the digestive process

A

The oral cavity is where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin breaking down carbohydrates. Chewing increases the surface area of the food, allowing for the formation of an appropriately sized bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain the function of the pharynx in digestion

A

The pharynx serves as a passageway for food, liquid, and air, facilitating the movement of food from the mouth to the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does the esophagus contribute to the digestive process?

A

The esophagus transfers food from the mouth to the stomach through peristaltic contractions, propelling the food along its length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define the primary functions of the stomach in digestion

A

The stomach is responsible for the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, producing chyme, and secreting glycoprotein B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the process of segmentation in the small intestine

A

Segmentation in the small intestine consists of localized contractions that move food back and forth, mixing it with digestive juices and facilitating absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the role of the cecum in the large intestine?

A

The cecum receives digested food from the small intestine, continues the absorption of water and salts, and begins compacting undigested materials into waste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Outline the journey of fecal matter through the colon

A

Fecal matter travels from the cecum to the ascending colon, then to the transverse colon, followed by the descending colon, and finally enters the sigmoid colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the function of the rectum in the digestive system

A

The rectum is the final segment of the GI tract, featuring internal transverse folds called rectal valves that help separate feces from gas, preventing simultaneous passage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identify the accessory organs of the digestive system and their roles

A

the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Which contribute to digestion by producing bile, digestive enzymes, and aiding in the digestion and absorption of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Compare the digestion of macronutrients across different organs of the digestive system

A

The mouth begins the carbohydrate digestion
The stomach focuses on protein breakdown
The small intestine completes digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the liver contribute to digestion?

A

The liver produces bile, which is essential for the emulsification and digestion of fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A

Produces digestive enzymes that help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the role of the gallbladder in digestion

A

Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, releasing it into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the role of accessory digestive organs

A

Suppor digestion by producing and storing enzymes and chemicals vital for breaking down food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do salivary glands contribute to digestion?

A

Salivary glands produce saliva, which contains enzymes like amylase that begin carbohydrate digestion and moistens food for easier passage through the esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define the function of the liver in digestion

A

Produces bile, crucial for digesting and absorbing fats, processes nutrients from the digestive tract, and detoxifies chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of the gallbladder in the digestive process?

A

stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine to aid in fat digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the function of the pancreas in digestion

A

Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine, breaking down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates while neutralizing stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do teeth assist in the digestive process

A

Teeth mechanically break down food into smaller pieces, increasing the surface area for enzymes to act upon, facilitating easier swallowing and digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of the tongue in digestion?

A

manipulating food during chewing and swallowing and is essential for taste and speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define ingestion in the context of the digestive system

A

Ingestion is the process of taking food into the GI tract through the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is propulsion in the digestive system?

A

The movement of food through the digestive tract, involving voluntary processes like swallowing and involuntary processes like peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe mechanical digestion

A

A physical process that reduces food size to increase surface area and mobility without changing its chemical nature, i.e., chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

The enzymatic breakdown of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain the process of absorption in digestion

A

The process where most nutrients are taken from the lumen of the alimentary canal into the bloodstream through epithelial cells, while lipids are absorbed into lacteals and transported via lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define defecation in the digestive process

A

The elimination of undigested substances from the body in the form of feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

List the layers of the GI tract wall from superficial to deep

A

Serosa, musculares externa, tunica submucosa, and tunica mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of the enteric nervous system? (ENS)

A

Directly controls motility, secretion, and blood flow. Regulates peristalsis, coordinates complex reflexes, and processes sensory information from the gut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does the ANS affect digestion?

A

It modulates the activity of the ENS and directly affects the digestion through its branches, particularly promoting digestion via the parasympathetic branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Contrast the ENS and ANS in terms of their independence in digestive functioning

A

The ENS can function independently of the CNS, directing basic digestive functions
The ANS operates throughout the body and modulates ENS activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe the function of the parasympathetic nervous system in digestion

A

Enhances blood flow to the digestive tract, stimulates secretions, and promotes peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in digestion

A

Generally inhibits digestion in stressful situations, reducing blood flow to the digestive organs, slowing peristalsis, and decreasing digestive secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Define parietal peritoneum

A

Lining of the inner surfaces of the peritoneal or abdominopelvic cavity and is continuous with the serosa of the GI tract, producing lubricating fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the greater omentum

A

A large, fatty structure hanging from the stomach and draping over the intestines, extending from the greater curvature of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of the lesser momentum?

A

A smaller peritoneal fold that extends from the liver to the stomach and duodenum, stabilizing the position of the stomach and li8ver while allowing blood vessel and duct passage

36
Q

How does the mesentery support the intestines?

A

It is a continuous set of tissues formed by a double fold of the peritoneum that anchors the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall and supplies blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

37
Q

Describe the role of the mesocolon

A

Anchors the colon to the abdominal wall, supports and conduits blood vessels to the colon, and assists in maintaining the colons structure and positioning

38
Q

Outline the pathway of food through the GI tract

A

oral cavity –> pharynx–> esophagus–> stomach–> small intesting–> large intesting–> rectum

39
Q

Explain how mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth

A

Involves mastication, where buccinator muscle4s compress the cheeks to aid in churning food while chewing, and the tongue manipulates the food

40
Q

Describe the chemical digestion process in the mouth

A

Salivary glands release saliva, containing amylase which breaks down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars

41
Q

What is deglutition?

A

The process of transferring food from the oral cavity to the esophagus, Starting out as a voluntary process and becomes an autonomic reflex

42
Q

Compare peristalsis and segmentation in digestion

A

Peristalsis is a coordinated series of smooth muscle contractions for propulsion
Segmentation separates chyme and mixes it for digestion and absorption

43
Q

Identify enzymes responsible for breaking down carbohydrates and their sources

A

Amylase breaks down carbohydrates into sugars and is released from the salivary glands and pancreas

44
Q

Name the proteases involved in protein digestion and their sources

A

Pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin which are released from the stomach and pancreas

45
Q

Describe the process of protein digestion in the body

A

Proteins are broken down into smaller peptides and amino acids by enzymes such as pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin

46
Q

Identify the source of pepsin and its role in digestion

A

Pepsin is secreted by the stomach and help s to break down proteins

47
Q

Explain the function of lipase in digestion

A

Lipase breaks down lipids or fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and is released by the pancreas and small amounts from the stomach

48
Q

What is the role of nucleases in the digestive system?

A

Nucleases break down nucleic acids into nucleotides and are released from the pancreas

49
Q

List the major anatomical structures of the oral cavity

A

Lips, gingivae, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, cheeks, teeth, and tongue

50
Q

Describe the function of molars in the mouth

A

Serve as grinders for breaking down food

51
Q

How do bicuspids contribute to the digestive system?

A

involved with crushing and grinding food

52
Q

What is the function of cuspids/ canines?

A

designed for tearing food

53
Q

Function of incisors in the oral cavity

A

cutting food to bring into the mouth

54
Q

Describe lingual papillae and their function

A

Mound like structures on the surface of the tongue that contain chemoreceptors involved in taste

55
Q

List the 3 pairs of salivary glands and their locations

A

Parotid- anterior to the ear lobes
Sublingual- deep in the tongue
Submandibular- medial to the mandible

56
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A

A muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach, pushing the bolus down by peristalsis

57
Q

Describe the structure and function of gastric glands

A

Located in the stomach mucosal epithelium and produce gastric juices

58
Q

Identify the 3 cell types found in gastric glands and their secretions

A

-Parietal cells- produce hydrochloric acid
-Chief cells- secrete pepsinogen
-G cells- produce hormones like gastrin

59
Q

Define the cephalic phase of gastric digestion

A

Begins when you think, smell, or taste food. Triggering an increase in gastric juice secretions

60
Q

What occurs during the gastric phase of digestion?

A

Starts when food enters the stomach, activating stretch and chemoreceptors that stimulate gastric activity

61
Q

Describe the intestinal phase of gastric digestion

A

Starts when chyme enters the duodenum

62
Q

List the major digestive functions of the liver

A

Bile production, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, plasma protein synthesis, and removal of toxins and wasts

63
Q

Where is the gallbladder located and what is its function?

A

Located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen beneath the liver
Stores bile

64
Q

Describe the location and connection of the gallbladder

A

The gallbladder sits just below the liver’s right lobe and is attached to it by the cystic duct, which connects to the common bile duct

65
Q

Explain the primary function of the gallbladder

A

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, releasing it when a meal high in fat is consumed

66
Q

List the pancreatic enzymes and their functions

A

Carbohydrases (amylase) break down carbohydrates into simple sugars
Lipases break down lipids
Nucleases digest nucleic acids
Proteases digest proteins into peptides and amino acids

67
Q

Distinguish between the 3 segments of the small intestine

A

Duodenum connects to the stomach
Jejunum is the middle part between the duodenum and the ileum
Ileum is the end of the small intestine, anding at the ileocecal valve

68
Q

Describe the circular folds (Plicae circulars) in the small instestine

A

Large, deep folds in the mucosal and submucosal layer that slow down the movement of chyme, allowing more time for nutrient absorption and increasing surface area

69
Q

What are villi and their role in the small intestine?

A

finger like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining, significantly increasing surface area and containing blood vessels and lacteals for nutrient transport

70
Q

Explain the function of microvilli in the small intestine

A

Tiny hairlike structures on the apical surface of t6he epithelial cells that further increase surface area and contain enzymes for the final stages of nutrient digestion and absorption

71
Q

How are nutrients absorbed into the body?

A

Segmentation and peristalsis that mix chyme with bile and pancreatic enzymes, allowing brush border enzymes to break down macromolecules into smaller nutrients for absorption

72
Q

Describe the function of gastrin in the digestive system

A

A peptide hormone that stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach

73
Q

What is the role of CCK (Cholecystokinin)?

A

produced in response to chyme rich in fats and proteins, stimulating the pancreas to increase digestive enzyme secretion, contracting the gallbladder to release bile, and relaxing the hepatopancreatic sphincter

74
Q

Explain the function of GIP (Gastric Inhibitory Peptide)

A

Produced by the duodenum, inhibiting gastric motility and emptying while stimulating insulin production in response to fats and carbohydrates

75
Q

What is the role of secretin in the digestive process?

A

a hormone produced by the duodenum that stimulates the pancreas to secrete a water solution of bicarbonate

76
Q

Describe the anomy of the large intesting

A

Thicker and shorter that the small intestine, arranged in a loop that frames the small intestine, and consists of the main segments: cecum, colon, and rectum

77
Q

Explain the physiological role of the large intestines in water absorption

A

The LI absorbs water and electrolytes, transforming the chyme from a liquid state into solid feces

78
Q

What is the function of bacterial flora in the large intestine

A

Bacterial flora in the large intestine helps break down materials and synthesize specific vitamins

79
Q

Describe the process of compaction in the large intestine

A

Involves absorbing water, electrolytes, and vitamins to compact fecal matter

80
Q

How does the large intestine contribute to mucos production>

A

Glands in the colon secrete mucus to facilitate the smooth passage of feces

81
Q

What is the process of defecation?

A

Involves complex reflex activities that lead to the expulsion of feces through the anus

82
Q

Define the gut microbiome and its significance

A

The gut microbiome consists of organisms living in the digestive tract that impact physical and mental health, influencing infection resistance, immune function, mucosa maintenance, and behavior

83
Q

What are the consequences of disrupting healthy gut flora?

A

Disruption of healthy gut flora has been correlated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

84
Q

Describe appendicitis

A

An inflammation of the appendix that can be painful and potentially fatal if it ruptures, leaking bacteria into the abdominal cavity

85
Q

What is the typical treatment for appendicitis?

A

Appendectomy and antibiotics

86
Q

How are proteins digested throughout the digestive tract?

A

Proteins are initially denatured in the stomach by gastric acid, then broken down into peptides by enzymes and further digested into amino acids in the small intestine

87
Q
A

A&P 142 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions