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A&P 142 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Within the thoracic cavity. The mediastinum

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2
Q

How many liters of blood does it pump per minute?

A

Approx 5.25L per minute

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3
Q

What is the serous membrane that covers and protects the heart?

A

The pericardium

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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5
Q

Which layer of the heart is the thickest?

A

Myocardium

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6
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

left and right atria
Left and right ventricles

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7
Q

What structure separates the right and left ventricles?

A

The interventricular septum

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8
Q

What are the heart valves?

A

Tricuspid AV valve
Pulmonary SL valve
Bicuspid (mitral) AV valve
Aortic SL valve

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9
Q

Know blood flow through the heart

A
  1. Superior and inferior vena cave into R atrium
  2. R atrium through tricuspid valve into R ventricle
  3. R ventricle through pulmonary SL valve into pulmonary arch
  4. Pulmonary arch to pulmonary arteries
  5. Pulmonary arteries into lungs
  6. Lungs to pulmonary veins
  7. Pulmonary veins to L. Atrium
  8. L atrium through bicuspid (mitral) AV valve to L ventricle
  9. L ventricle through Aortic SL valve into aorta
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10
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Movement of blood from left side of heart to the systemic cells of the body and back to the right side of heart

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11
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Movement of blood from the right side of heart to the lungs and back to the left side of heart

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12
Q

How does deoxygenated blood get to the heart?

A

Through the superior and inferior vena cava into the R atrium

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13
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

Circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle

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14
Q

Where do arteries in the coronary circulation system originate from?

A

Ascending aorta

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15
Q

What area of the heart does the left coronary artery supply?

A

Left side of the heart

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16
Q

What area of the heart does the anterior interventricular branch supply?

A

Also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD)
Supplies blood to the anterior of the left and right ventricle

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17
Q

What part of the heart does the circumflex branch arteries supply?

A

The lateral wall and posterior wall of the left ventricle

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18
Q

What part of the heart does the right coronary artery supply?

A

The right side of the heart

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19
Q

What part of the heart does the posterior interventricular branch supply?

A

The posterior wall of both ventricles

20
Q

What part of the heart does the marginal branch arteries supply?

A

The lateral wall of the right ventricle

21
Q

Where do veins in the coronary circulation system empty blood?

A

The coronary sinus, which drains into the right atrium

22
Q

What area of the heart do the great cardiac veins drain?

A

The anterior surface of the left ventricle

23
Q

What areas of the heart does the middle cardiac vein drain?

A

The posterior wall of both ventricles

24
Q

What areas of the heart does the small cardiac vein drain?

A

The posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle

25
Q

What area of the heart does the anterior cardiac vein drain?

A

The anterior surface of the right ventricle

26
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

A large, thin walled vein on the back of the heart that lies within the atrioventricular sulcus

27
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

The heart myocardium, directly into the right atrium

28
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart?

A

Conducting (nodal) cells

29
Q

What are conducting (nodal) cells?

A

Autorhythmic fibers that form the conduction system of the heart. They initiate and propagate the action potential that travels throughout the heart

30
Q

Where do cardiac action potentials originate, where do they travel, and what do they initiate?

A
  1. Originate in the sinoatrial (SA) node, initiates atrial contraction
  2. Travels to atrioventricular (AV) note, AV node depolarizes and transmits signal
  3. Signal travels to AV bundle (bundle of his), proceeds down AV septum and branches
  4. Branches to purkinje fibers and reaches papillary muscles, initiates ventricular contraction
31
Q

What is an ECG?

A

Surface recording of electrical activity of the heart that can be used for diagnosis of irregular heart function

32
Q

What is represented by each wave of an ECG?

A

-P wave- atrial depolarization, atrial. Atrial Contraction
-QRS Complex- ventricular depolarization. Ventricular contraction and atrial relaxation
-T Wave- ventricular depolarization. Relaxation of ventricles

33
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of heart muscles, pumps blood out of chambers

34
Q

Define diastole?

A

Relaxation of heart muscles, allows chambers to fill with blood

35
Q

Define depolarization?

A

Muscle cells becoming electrically charged, leading to contraction

36
Q

Define repolarization

A

Returning to the resting state, leading to relaxation of the muscle

37
Q

What makes the S1 “lub” sound in the heart?

A

Closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction

38
Q

What makes the S2 “dub” sound?

A

Closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole

39
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

40
Q

What is the cardiac output equation?

A

stroke volume (SV) X heart rate (HR) = Cardiac output

41
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in one contraction

42
Q

What is heart rate?

A

number of heartbeats per minute

43
Q

What factors affect stroke volume?

A

Preload, contractility, and afterload

44
Q

define preload

A

The degree of stretch in the heart before contraction

45
Q

define contractility

A

the force of contraction of the heart muscle

46
Q

define afterload

A

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood

47
Q

What controls heart rate?

A

ANS, hormones, Exercise, temperature and electrolyte levels

A&P 142 (10 decks)

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