Heart

Question 1

Where is the heart located?

Answer 1

Within the thoracic cavity. The mediastinum

Question 2

How many liters of blood does it pump per minute?

Answer 2

Approx 5.25L per minute

Question 3

What is the serous membrane that covers and protects the heart?

Answer 3

The pericardium

Question 4

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

Answer 4

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 5

Which layer of the heart is the thickest?

Answer 5

Myocardium

Question 6

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Answer 6

left and right atria
Left and right ventricles

Question 7

What structure separates the right and left ventricles?

Answer 7

The interventricular septum

Question 8

What are the heart valves?

Answer 8

Tricuspid AV valve
Pulmonary SL valve
Bicuspid (mitral) AV valve
Aortic SL valve

Question 9

Know blood flow through the heart

Answer 9

1. Superior and inferior vena cave into R atrium
2. R atrium through tricuspid valve into R ventricle
3. R ventricle through pulmonary SL valve into pulmonary arch
4. Pulmonary arch to pulmonary arteries
5. Pulmonary arteries into lungs
6. Lungs to pulmonary veins
7. Pulmonary veins to L. Atrium
8. L atrium through bicuspid (mitral) AV valve to L ventricle
9. L ventricle through Aortic SL valve into aorta

Question 10

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 10

Movement of blood from left side of heart to the systemic cells of the body and back to the right side of heart

Question 11

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 11

Movement of blood from the right side of heart to the lungs and back to the left side of heart

Question 12

How does deoxygenated blood get to the heart?

Answer 12

Through the superior and inferior vena cava into the R atrium

Question 13

What is coronary circulation?

Answer 13

Circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle

Question 14

Where do arteries in the coronary circulation system originate from?

Answer 14

Ascending aorta

Question 15

What area of the heart does the left coronary artery supply?

Answer 15

Left side of the heart

Question 16

What area of the heart does the anterior interventricular branch supply?

Answer 16

Also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD)
Supplies blood to the anterior of the left and right ventricle

Question 17

What part of the heart does the circumflex branch arteries supply?

Answer 17

The lateral wall and posterior wall of the left ventricle

Question 18

What part of the heart does the right coronary artery supply?

Answer 18

The right side of the heart

Question 19

What part of the heart does the posterior interventricular branch supply?

Answer 19

The posterior wall of both ventricles

Question 20

What part of the heart does the marginal branch arteries supply?

Answer 20

The lateral wall of the right ventricle

Question 21

Where do veins in the coronary circulation system empty blood?

Answer 21

The coronary sinus, which drains into the right atrium

Question 22

What area of the heart do the great cardiac veins drain?

Answer 22

The anterior surface of the left ventricle

Question 23

What areas of the heart does the middle cardiac vein drain?

Answer 23

The posterior wall of both ventricles

Question 24

What areas of the heart does the small cardiac vein drain?

Answer 24

The posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle

Question 25

What area of the heart does the anterior cardiac vein drain?

Answer 25

The anterior surface of the right ventricle

Question 26

What is the coronary sinus?

Answer 26

A large, thin walled vein on the back of the heart that lies within the atrioventricular sulcus

Question 27

Where does the coronary sinus drain into?

Answer 27

The heart myocardium, directly into the right atrium

Question 28

What is the conduction system of the heart?

Answer 28

Conducting (nodal) cells

Question 29

What are conducting (nodal) cells?

Answer 29

Autorhythmic fibers that form the conduction system of the heart. They initiate and propagate the action potential that travels throughout the heart

Question 30

Where do cardiac action potentials originate, where do they travel, and what do they initiate?

Answer 30

1. Originate in the sinoatrial (SA) node, initiates atrial contraction 2. Travels to atrioventricular (AV) note, AV node depolarizes and transmits signal 3. Signal travels to AV bundle (bundle of his), proceeds down AV septum and branches 4. Branches to purkinje fibers and reaches papillary muscles, initiates ventricular contraction

Question 31

What is an ECG?

Answer 31

Surface recording of electrical activity of the heart that can be used for diagnosis of irregular heart function

Question 32

What is represented by each wave of an ECG?

Answer 32

-P wave- atrial depolarization, atrial. Atrial Contraction -QRS Complex- ventricular depolarization. Ventricular contraction and atrial relaxation -T Wave- ventricular depolarization. Relaxation of ventricles

Question 33

What is systole?

Answer 33

Contraction of heart muscles, pumps blood out of chambers

Question 34

Define diastole?

Answer 34

Relaxation of heart muscles, allows chambers to fill with blood

Question 35

Define depolarization?

Answer 35

Muscle cells becoming electrically charged, leading to contraction

Question 36

Define repolarization

Answer 36

Returning to the resting state, leading to relaxation of the muscle

Question 37

What makes the S1 “lub” sound in the heart?

Answer 37

Closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction

Question 38

What makes the S2 “dub” sound?

Answer 38

Closing of the semilunar valves during ventricular diastole

Question 39

What is cardiac output?

Answer 39

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Question 40

What is the cardiac output equation?

Answer 40

stroke volume (SV) X heart rate (HR) = Cardiac output

Question 41

What is stroke volume?

Answer 41

the amount of blood ejected by a ventricle in one contraction

Question 42

What is heart rate?

Answer 42

number of heartbeats per minute

Question 43

What factors affect stroke volume?

Answer 43

Preload, contractility, and afterload

Question 44

define preload

Answer 44

The degree of stretch in the heart before contraction

Question 45

define contractility

Answer 45

the force of contraction of the heart muscle

Question 46

define afterload

Answer 46

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood

Question 47

What controls heart rate?

Answer 47

ANS, hormones, Exercise, temperature and electrolyte levels