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A&P 142 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

List the endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus
Pineal
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal
Pancreas
Gonads

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2
Q

How does the endocrine system send signals?

A

chemical signaling with the release of hormones

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers that are carried through the bloodstream

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4
Q

Define Circulating hormones

A

hormones secreted into the extracellular fluid and diffuse into the blood or lymph, where they can be carried throughout the body

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5
Q

Define local hormones

A

hormones that act upon neighboring cells are the original cell that secreted them

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6
Q

Define a water soluble hormone

A

hydrophilic, bind to receptors outside of cell wall. ex: amine, peptide and protein hormones

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7
Q

Define lipid soluble hormone

A

hydrophobic, bind to receptors inside cell wall. Ex: steroids, thyroid hormones, nitric oxide and eicosanoids

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8
Q

What controls hormone release?

A

the hypothalamus

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9
Q

Define positive feedback loop

A

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus. EX: oxytocin release during child labor

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10
Q

Define negative feedback loop

A

the inhibition of further secretion of a hormone in response to adequate levels of that particular hormone. Ex: The stop of glucocorticoid release from adrenal glands once glucocorticoids concentration in the blood rise.

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11
Q

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

A

GHRH
TRH
CRH
PRH
GnRH
GHIH
PIH

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12
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A

hGH
TSH
FSH
LH
PRL
ACTH

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13
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

OT
ADH (vasopressin)

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14
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

The release of hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary through a network of capillaries. This allows the hormones to transit without entering the bloodstream

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15
Q

What are the thyroid hormones and what do they control?

A

Thyroxine (T4)- controls metabolism and energy levels
Triiodothyronine (T3)- development of fetus and bone growth
Calcitonin- decreases blood calcium concentrations

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16
Q

What are the parathyroid hormones and what do they control?

A

PTH- raises calcium levels in the blood

17
Q

What are the adrenal cortex hormones and what do they control?

A

aldosterone- regulates concentration of sodium and potassium ions
cortisone- controls metabolism, stress response and reduces inflammation
androgens- affects libido and menstrual cycles

18
Q

What are the adrenal medulla hormones and what do they control?

A

epinephrine- increases heart rate and blood flow, converts glycogen to glucose in the liver. helps the body respond to stress
norepinephrine- responds to stress, constricts blood vessels to increase bp

19
Q

What are the pineal hormones and what do they control?

A

melatonin- regulates sleep-wake cyles

20
Q

What makes the pancreas an endocrine gland?

A

pancreatic islets that release insulin and glucagon

21
Q

What cells release insulin?

A

beta cells

22
Q

What cells release glucagon?

A

alpha cells

23
Q

what does insulin do?

A

lowers blood glucose levels

24
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

raises blood glucose

25
Q

What are the primary hormones for the testes and what is its function?

A

testosterone- development of male reproductive organs, promotes secondary sexual characteristics, influences sex drive and labido, production and maturation of sperm

26
Q

What are the primary hormones for the ovaries and what is the function??

A

estrogen- development of female reproductive tissues, regulates menstrual cycle
progesterone- regulate menstrual cycle, supports early stages of pregnancy

27
Q

What hormone do testes and ovaries produce?

A

inhibit- inhibits the production of FSH, and LH. Which regulate sperm production in males and the saturation of eggs in females

28
Q

What hormones do the kidneys release and what is their function?

A

erythropoietin EPO- Stimulates production of erythrocytes in bone marrow

29
Q

What hormones do adipose tissues release and what is their function?

A

adiponectiqne- reduces cellular insulin resistance and protects blood vessels from inflammation

30
Q

What are the organs with secondary endocrine functions?

A

Heart, GI tract, kidneys, skeleton, adipose tissue, skin, thymus, liver

A&P 142 (10 decks)

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