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Dunedin RACP Study Course > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

T/ B cell involved in innate immunity

A

IgM antibody production by CD 5+ subset of B cells

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2
Q

Main signalling molecules in bacterial damage and phagocytes recruitment

A

Cytokines
TNF - alpha
IL-1

Chemokines/ IL-8

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3
Q

3 complement pathways

A

Classic
Alternate
Mannose binding lectin

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4
Q

3 main purposes of complement

A
  • label micro-organisms ( i.e. opsonisation)
  • recruit phagocytes (i.e. chemotaxis)
  • destroy- microorganisms by perforating the cell membrane (i.e. cytolysis)
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5
Q

How many main protein in complement cascade

A

9 complement proteins

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6
Q

Protein of MAC

A

C5-8 which then activate lots of C9s in a ring to form the MAC

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7
Q

Inflammatory complement mediators

A

C3a - the best,
C5a - pretty good,
C4 - pretty useless

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8
Q

Trigger(s) for classic complement pathway

A

IgG antibody (bound to something)
- therefore needs the adaptive immune system to have already worked

Other triggers
* Aggregated immunoglobulin

  • Some RNA viruses
  • Staphlococcal protein A
  • Polyanions and cations e.g. heparin
  • C-reactive protein
  • Some proteolytic enzymes
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9
Q

Trigger(s) for alternate complement pathway

A

Main:
- C3 binding to bacteria

Other
* Aggregated immunoglobulins
* C3 nephritic factor (antibody to an enzyme activating C3)

  • LPS (endotoxin)
  • Some acute phase proteins i.e. mannose binding protein, C reactive protein
  • Radiographic contrast media
  • Plant and bacterial polysaccharides
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10
Q

Is the membrane attack complex (MAC) better in gram neg or pos bacteria

A

much more effective in gram negative

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11
Q

Mechanisms for protection of host cells against complement (MAC)

A

Membrane-bound complement inhibitors on cells include:

  • DAF (decay accelerating factor) and MCP (membrane cofactor protein) which break down C3 convertase
  • HRF (homologous restriction factor) C8 binding protein and CD59 which prevent the formation of MAC on host cells
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12
Q

DAF, MCP

A

Decay accelerating factor

Membrane cofactor protein

break down C3 convertase

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13
Q

HRF

A

homologous restriction factor
- C8 binding protein and CD59 which prevent the formation of MAC on host cells

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14
Q

Alternate name NK cells

A

large granular lymphocytes

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15
Q

NK cells and MHC class signalling

A

inhibited when they recognise their own MHC Class I molecules on target cells

kill target cells in which MHC Class I molecule expression has been down-regulated allowing escape from CTLs

also recognise other activating (and inhibiting) receptors on the surface of target cells

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16
Q

NK cells and antibodies

A

NK cells can acquire antibody (Fc portion of IgG) via CD16 Fc receptors allowing specific antigen recognition - ADCC

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17
Q

THings released by NK cells

A

perforins and granzymes to kill cells

Make interferon gamma

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18
Q

NK cells and MHC 2

A

no relation/ no interaction

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19
Q

Main cytokine that increases body’s temp/ set point

A

IL-1

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20
Q

Cytokines from macrophages that increase selectin and integrins activation on endothelial cells

A

TNF-alpha
Il-1

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21
Q

Cytokine that causes liver to release inflamamtory things

A

TNF-alpha

IL-1β and IFN-γ and IL-6 also very improtant

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22
Q

Cytokines released by DCs after activation by TLRs?

A

IFN-alpha/ beta
TNF-alpha
IL-6
IL-12

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23
Q

Increased surface expresison molecules in DC after activation

A

CD 80.86
MHC - II

CD 40

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24
Q

HLA molecules encoded by genes on which chromosome

A

6

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25
Q

MHC Class 1 regions (on chromosome)

A

A, B, C (technically also E)

26
Q

MHC Class 2 regions (on chromosome)

A

DP, DQ, DR

27
Q

Co-dominance in HLA

A

Cells will present proteins from all the genes it has available to it

28
Q

is beta-2 micro globulin in MHC1 or MHC 2

A

MHC 1

29
Q

Which cells present MHC 1

A

all nucleated cells

30
Q

WHich cells present MHC 2

A

APCs
- macrophages
- DC
- B cells

31
Q

what is CD3 related to

A

a TCR, doesn’t differntiate CT T cell vs TH cell

32
Q

CD4 vs CD8 on which T cells

A

CD4 on TH,

CD8 on CT T cells

2 TH cells for every 1 cytotoxic T Cell

33
Q

Break up of extra-cellular vs intra-cellular proteins by APCs

A

extra-cellular
- broken down by lyosoomes
- presented in MHC 2

intra-cellular
- broken down by proteosome
- presented on MHC 1

34
Q

Cytokines produced by TH1, and basic role

A

IFN-gamma
TNF

Intra-cellular microbes

35
Q

Cytokines produced by TH2, and basic role

A

IL-4
IL-5,
IL 13

Helminthic parasites

36
Q

Cytokines produced by TH17, and basic role

A

IL-17
IL-22
Chemokines

extra-cellular bacteria, fungi

37
Q

Immune reaction triggered by TH1

A

macrophages
IgG production

38
Q

Immune reaction triggered by TH2

A

IgE production
mast cell/ eosinophil activation

39
Q

Immune reaction triggered by TH17

A

recruit neuts, macrophages

40
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill cells?

A

perforins - form a pore

granzymes - activate apoptotic enzymes

CD95 activation (FAS) by CD 95L - activates apoptotic enzymes

41
Q

Main cytokine in T-cell activation/ maturation

A

IL-2
- produced by t-cells themselves (autocrine growth factor)

42
Q

B1 subset of B cells

A

Naive B cell
- just produce IgM
- Do not produce memory cells
- Identified by the expression of the CD5 cell surface marker

43
Q

B2 subset of B cells

A
  • Respond to T-dependent antigens
  • Undergo class switching so all isotypes of antibody can be produced
  • Produce memory cells
  • Do not express CD5
44
Q

B Cell co-stim factor

A

CD 40 (on B cell) with CD 40L on activated T-helper

45
Q

gene segments that combine to form antibody molecule

A
  • heavy chain gene segments: V, D, J, C
  • light chain gene segments: V, J, C

5 heavy chain C gene segment determine isotype:
μ,γ,α,δ,

2 light chain gene segments (κ,λ)

46
Q

Can B cells produce more than one Ig subtype

A

B cell can simultaneously express both IgM and IgD on the surface

Otherwise No

47
Q

IgG subclass that cannot cross placenta

A

IgG2

48
Q

Relative quantities if Ig in serum

(IgA vs D vs E vs G vs M)

A

IgG>IgA >IgM >IgD >IgE

49
Q

Complement binding efficiency if Ig

A

IgM, IgG3 >IgG1>IgG2

50
Q

gene segments that combine to form TCR

A

V, J and C region (a chain)

and

V,D, J and C (b chain)

gene segments randomly selected, spliced, transcribed and translated into protein

51
Q

What happens if a T lymphocyte encountering its specific antigen in the absence of a costimulatory signal via CD28

A

becomes anergic (unresponsive to appropriate stimulation)

52
Q

Main Ig secreted into breast milk?

A

IgA

53
Q

T helper cells involved in MS

A

TH 1
(Interferon gamma etc)

54
Q

Can B cells produce kappa and lambda light chains in the same cell

A

no

55
Q

Can B cells produces antibodies of more than one class

A

yes IgG and IgD

56
Q

Cytokines are upregulatory except?

A

IL-10, TGF-β

57
Q

Basic cytokine groups

A
  • Interleukins
  • Interferons - alpha (IFN-α), beta, gamma
  • Tumour necrosis factor - alpha (TNF-α; cachetin), beta (lymphotoxin)
  • Colony stimulating factors (CSF)
  • G-CSF (granulocyte)
  • M-CSF (macrophage)
  • GM-CSF(granulocyte/macrophage)
  • Transforming growth factor alpha - (TGF-α) beta (TGF-β)
58
Q

Cell markers on immature thymic cells

A
  • Tdt
  • double positive CD4+/CD8+ (α/β)
  • double negative CD3+ (γ/δ)
59
Q

Cell markers on mature T cells

A
  • TCR, CD3, CD2 (binds sheep RBC)
  • CD4 (T h -interacts MHC Class II)
  • CD8 (T c - interacts MHC Class I)
60
Q

Cell markers on B cells

A
  • CD19, CD20
  • MHC Class II
  • sIgM (sIgG on memory B cells)
  • Complement receptors:
    CRI, (CD35), CR2 (CD21- EBV entry)
61
Q

Examples of live vaccines

A
  • bacterial: BCG vaccine
  • viral: Sabin (polio), measles, mumps, some CoVID

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