Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GIGU Final > Immunological Implications of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Immunological Implications of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what can early pregnancy be defined as?

A

implantation and placentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is necessary for successful implantation?

A

localized inflammatory responses/ acute phase response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the acute phase cytokines?

A

IL-1, IL-8, IL-6, Il-12, TNF, IFN-gamma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the purpose of the acute phase cytokines?

A

they disrupt the mucin barrier of the endometrium and promote adhesion molecule expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what immune cells are present in the early pregnancy stage?

A

decidual NKs, macrophages, neutrophils, and decidual dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

after we attach, we have to go through what stage?

A

the implantation stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

during the implantation stage, what acute phase cytokines would you expect to see a lot of?

A

IL-6 and IL-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the role of macrophages during the implantation phase?

A

they help to sustain the corpus luteum and in the decidua they participate in spiral artery remodeling; they also still provide waste management of cellular debris from invasion of trophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what type of macrophages are found pre-implantation?

A

MI macrophages- responsible for inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens to the macrophages after implantation?

A

the ratio of M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages is equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the roles of the dDCs during the implantation phase?

A

they are important for the maintenance of the dTregs, they secrete IL-15, and the promote a Th2 phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the role of the dNK cells during implantation?

A

they directly surround the trophoblasts after implantation and support their development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the dNK cells critical for during the implantation phase?

A

spiral artery development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what type of receptors do the dNK cells have?

A

inhibitory receptors for HLA-C, E, and G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what do trophoblasts secrete and why?

A

they secrete cytokines and chemokines for the recruitment of immune cells for “support” and appropriate placentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what immune cells do the trophoblasts secrete?

A

dNKcells, M2 macrophages, Treg cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why are trophoblasts bringing immune cells into the are?

A

they are bringing them into the area to train them to become suppressor or tolerance cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does it mean when it is said that trophoblasts have a unique HLA expression?

A

it is very specific for the fetal/placental antigen presentation that is going to be doing that low level presentation to mom and periphery throughout gestation; it regulates fetal and placental antigen presentation to immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do the syncytiotrophoblasts provide protection from pathogens?

A

they express TLRs; that always express IFN-gamma, which provides antiviral resistance; they have a dense actin cytoskeleton network that helps physically resist invasion by bacteria/viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do STs shed into the maternal circulation and decidua and why?

A

they shed a variety of extracellular vesicles- it is driving tolerance

21
Q

what effect does a dramatic increase in the quantity of extracellular vesicles in the peripheral blood of pregnant females have?

A

pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and pre-term birth

22
Q

what chemokines/ cytokines do the extravillous trophoblasts secrete and why?

A

IL-15, CCL2, TGF-beta, IL-10, abd type I IFNs; for immune cell recruitment and regulation

23
Q

what are the immune protective functions of EVTs with dNK cells?

A

they reduce the cytotoxicity of dNK cells while supporting their role in vascular remodeling (through IL-15 and HLA-G)

24
Q

how do the EVTs support M2 differentiation?

A

IL-10

25
Q

how do the EVTs support Treg differentiation?

A

TGF-beta

26
Q

what cells are critical for spiral artery development during the implantation phase?

A

dNK cells

27
Q

what do trophoblasts have that are sensing a variety of bacteria, virus, and DAMPS for protections?

A

TLRs

28
Q

what do syncytiotrophoblasts have on their surface that help transport the immunoglobulins?

A

FcRn for IgG

29
Q

what is the purpose of the IFN-lambda secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

it provides antiviral resistance for self and surrounding tissues

30
Q

what is constitutively expressed on EVTs and why?

A

PD-1- it down regulates and inhibits T cell responses

31
Q

what is a potential role of HLA-G during pregnancy?

A

maintenance of peripheral tolerance to the fetus

32
Q

what have reduced levels of soluble HLA-G been associated with during pregnancy?

A

pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia

33
Q

faulty expression of what cytokines can lead to developmental failure in multiple organ systems- neurological development?

A

IFN-gamma, IFN A/B, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-1B

34
Q

what happens to the decidual NK cells during the tolerance/ fetal growth phase?

A

they become helper cells versus cytotoxic; they promote trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis

35
Q

As pregnancy progresses, what do the decidual NK cells promote?

A

expanded Treg differentiation

36
Q

how do the decidual NK cells promote expansion of the Treg differentiation?

A

IL-10, IDO, and TGF-beta

37
Q

what do the decidual macrophages function as during the tolerance/fetal growth phase?

A

suppressor cells

38
Q

how do the dMacrophages support the continued induction of Tregs in the decidua?

A

by secretion of IL-10

39
Q

how do the dMacrophages support the dNK cells in the decidua?

A

by secretion of IL-15

40
Q

what effect do dMacrophages have on antigen presentation?

A

they decrease antigen presentation to CD4/CD8 t effector cells through expression of HLA-G

41
Q

what are the majority of dDCS during the first two trimesters of pregnancy?

A

the conventional myeloid DCs

42
Q

what happens to the myeloid DCs in late pregnancy?

A

they decrease as the number of plasmacytoid DCs increased

43
Q

what is a very large population of CD4+ T cells in the decidua?

A

Tregs

44
Q

what two things play a major role in inducing Tregs in the decidua?

A

EVTs and dMacrophages

45
Q

what do all subsets of Tregs in the decidua express?

A

CTLA-4

46
Q

what is the effect of Tregs expressing CTLA-4?

A

during antigen presentation by APCs, CTLA-4 will bind to B7 on the APCs and induce anergy

47
Q

what are the majority of non-treg lymphocytes in the decidua?

A

CD4+ Th2 cells

48
Q

why do we have Th2 cells in the decidua?

A

they are specialized for anti parasite protection and protection against pathogens

49
Q

what new cells do we see during the delivery phase?

A

Th17, T effector cells, neutrophils, and DAMPS and prostaglandins

GIGU Final (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions