Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GIGU Final > Development of the Reproductive System > Flashcards

Development of the Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

when does sexual differentiation begin?

A

week 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when can male and female genitalia be recognized?

A

week 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when is phenotypic differentiation complete?

A

week 20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do the primordial germ cells get to the genital ridge?

A

they will migrate up through the yolk sac wall and enter through the dorsal mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is the genital ridge found?

A

within the urinary genital region within the intermediate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where does kidney and gonadal development take place?

A

in the intermediate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the precursors of the oogonia and the spermatogonia?

A

the primordial germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do the primordial germ cells stimulate?

A

the proliferation and delamination of cells from the coelomic epithelium of the genital ridge to form somatic support cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do the somatic support cells eventually become?

A

in males: Sertoli cells in females: follicle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the two sets of reproductive ducts that form within the intermediate mesoderm?

A

the mesonephric tubules/mesonephric duct and the paramesonephric ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what serves as the early collecting ducts for the mesonephric kidney?

A

the mesonephric tubules and ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what structures are later derived from the mesonephric ducts?

A

the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what structures are later derived from the paramesonephric duct?

A

oviduct, uterus, and upper vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is sexual dimorphism dependent on?

A

the Y chromosome but also autosomes as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the Y chromosome contain that is ket to sexual dimorphism?

A

the SRY gene; presence or absence of this gene has a direct effect on gonadal differentiation and it acts as a switch to initiate a cascade of many downstream genes that determine the fate of the rudimentary sexual organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when is the SRY gene active if present?

A

only active ~10-11 days- days 41-52

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is the SRY gene expressed?

A

in somatic support cells (pre-sertoli cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does SRY gene expression turn on?

A

SOX9 expression in somatic support cells (drives them towards Sertoli differentiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does SRY gene expression suppress?

A

Wnt4 (the pro-female gene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does expression of Sox9 result in?

A

expression of anti-mullerian hormone (AMH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens when AMH is expressed?

A

there is regression of the Mullerian (paramesonephric) ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when does the regression of the paramesonephric ducts occur?

A

between weeks 8-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the remnants of the paramesonephric ducts?

A

appendix testis and the prostatic utricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what drives the mesonephric duct development into different structures?

A

leydig cell-derived testosterone(driven by hCG of placenta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does the mesonephric duct differentiate into?

A

the efferent ductules, the epididymis, the vas deferens, and the seminal vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when does the mesonephric duct differentiate into different structures?

A

week 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is a portion of the testosterone that is derived from the fetal leydig cells converted into?

A

DHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what converts testosterone into DHT?

A

5-alpha reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the purpose of the DHT?

A

it drives the development of external genitalia (penis, scrotum) prostate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the purpose of adult leydig cells?

A

they are going to secrete androgens, which are important for initiation of spermatogenesis, masculinization of the brain, and male sexual behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are seminal vesicles?

A

they are buds that are formed from the mesonephric duct

32
Q

what are seminal vesicles derived from?

A

intermediate mesoderm of the urogenital ridge

33
Q

what is the prostate gland?

A

buds from endoderm of urogenital sinus in the region of the pelvic urethra

34
Q

when is the prostate gland formed?

A

around week 10

35
Q

what do the bulbourethral glands form from?

A

also endoderm buds

36
Q

what is the genital tubercle?

A

it is an ectodermal-covered mesodermal swelling at the distal end of the phallic portion of the urogenital plate

37
Q

what is the extend of the growth of the genital tubercle dependent on?

A

DHT levels

38
Q

what is the urogenital plate?

A

with rupture of the cloacal membrane, the floor of the phallic segment of the urogenital sinus is lost, but the roff expands along the lower surface of the genital tubercle as it enlarges

39
Q

what germ layer makes up the urogenital plate?

A

endoderm

40
Q

what is the glans plate?

A

the very tip of where the cloacal membrane used to be, there is a remnant there and that is the glans plate

41
Q

how do the urogenital folds appear?

A

they develop on either side of the urogenital plate through an expansion of the mesoderm underlying the ectoderm

42
Q

what forms along the ventral surface of the urogenital plate as the genital tubercle elongates?

A

a urethral groove

43
Q

what do the urethral groove and the urogenital plate terminate as distally?

A

the glans plate

44
Q

how do the urogenital folds grow towards one another?

A

the grow towards one another and fuse in the midline- beginning proximally in the perineal region and extending distally towards the glans penis

45
Q

what drives the lengthening and growth of the genital tubercle and fusion of the labioscrotal swellings forming the scrotum?

A

DHT

46
Q

what is hypospadias?

A

failure of the urethral folds to close properly (ventral aka underneath)

47
Q

what is epispadias?

A

opens on the dorsal shaft of the penis

48
Q

when is the urethra closed by?

A

week 14

49
Q

in absence of the SRY gene, what do somatic support cells express?

A

wnt-4 and FOXL2

50
Q

what is the purpose of the FOXL2 gene?

A

it continually suppresses any SOX-9 expression and thereby maintains female gonad differentiation

51
Q

in females, what do primordial germ cells differentiate into?

A

oogonia

52
Q

what happens to the oogonia?

A

they are going to proliferate and differentiate into oocytes

53
Q

what do the developing oocytes induce?

A

the surrounding somatic support cells to become follicular cells

54
Q

what is the role of the follicular cells?

A

they surround individual oocytes and are responsible for arresting the primary oocytes in prophase I of meiosis until puberty

55
Q

what do the paramesonephric ducts become in the absence of AMH?

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper most portion of the vagina

56
Q

what are the remnants of the lost mesonephric duct system?

A

the epoophoron and paraoophoron

57
Q

when does uterus formation occur?

A

weeks 9-10

58
Q

how is the uterus formed?

A

there is fusion of the inferior paramesonephric ducts

59
Q

what are the uterine tubes?

A

the unfused superior portion of the paramesonephric ducts

60
Q

what is the term for a double uterus?

A

didelphys

61
Q

how does the vagina form and what germ layer is it derived from?

A

it forms from the lengthening of the solid sinuvaginal bulb ; endodermally derived; this is eventually canalized

62
Q

What is the upper portion of the vagina aka the vaginal fornices formed from? and what germ layer is it derived from?

A

fusion of the paramesonephric ducts (mesoderm)

63
Q

what is vaginal agenesis most often due to?

A

failed sinovaginal bulb development and/or canalization

64
Q

what stimulates the proliferation and formation of the sinovaginal bulb?

A

contact of the paramesonephric duct to the urogenital sinus

65
Q

in females, what does the phallic segment of the urogenital sinus contain?

A

just like males- the glans plate, the urogenital plate, and the genital tubercle

66
Q

why is there no lengthening of the genital tubercle and no fusion of the urogenital folds or labioscrotal swellings in females?

A

there is no testosterone and therefore no DHT

67
Q

what do the urogenital folds in females form?

A

labia minora

68
Q

what do the labioscrotal swellings in females form?

A

labia majora

69
Q

upon completion of the uterus and oviduct formation, what happens to the remaining tissue?

A

it thins and forms a golf fold in peritoneum (the broad ligament, mesovarian, and mesosalpinx), which supports the uterus and the ovary

70
Q

what is the round ligament of the ovary?

A

it connects the ovary to the uterus; from the superior gubernaculum

71
Q

what is the round ligament of the uterus?

A

it connects the uterus to the labia majora; from the inferior gubernaculum

72
Q

what do the urogenital folds and urogenital plate and glans plate become in the male?

A

the penile urethra/ ventral part of the penis

73
Q

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

when a person has testis but no spermatogenesis; testosterone levels may be high

74
Q

what happens at puberty in patients with androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

testosterone is metabolized to estradiol- initiates female secondary characteristics but patients exhibit amenorrhea

75
Q

what is a common cause of androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

loss of functional androgen receptors (x-linked recessive)

76
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

the most common cause of female sexual ambiguity; the fetus produces excess androgens; they still have ovaries, but there is masculinization of the female external genitalia

77
Q

what mutation could lead to congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

mutations in genes involved in adrenocortical steroid biosynthesis (deficiency in 21-hydroxylase)

GIGU Final (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions