immunobiology cont... Flashcards
8
what percent protein should serum be in a healthy animal?
What is it made up of?
6-7%
-half of this protein is albumin and the other globulin (further divided into alpha, beta, gamma
what part of proteins are antibodies found?
gamma globulin protein
normally circulate in the blood but are occasionally found in the tissues
inadequate response
for some reason the immune system is not producing adequate levels of antibody
can happen due to certain drugs, infections
immunodeficient
inadequate immune response
hypersensitivity
exaggerated immune response
eg. allergies
good antigens
antigens that can readily stimulate an antibody response in a host
what can antigens be made of
many things
whole bacterial cells, egg albumen, or anything that is a foreign protein
are all antigens harmful?
no
H-antigens
flagellar antigens
made from the flagella of a bacteria
O antigens
made from the cell bodies of bacteria
vaccine antigens must be _____ , _____ and _____
pure
have the required potency/concentration
safe
what are the 2 stages of adaptive immune response?
primary immune response
secondary immune response
these stages are manipulated by modern vaccine therapy
primary immune response
occurs the very first time the adaptive response engages a particular substance (only then)
antigen enters the body
- is detected by B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes
- B lymphocytes produce antibodies to the antigen
- response is slow (several days) (latency period) (gradual increase)
- IgM antibody is produced (does not last long in the body)
- response is weak (low titer)
- gradually decreases if they never encounter it again
bell curve
what do B lymphocytes produce
humoral antibodies
secondary immune response
occurs every time but the first time an antigen is encountered
- B lymphocyte is re-exposed to an antigen and incites the secondary immune response
- the B lymphocytes remember the antigen and produce copious amounts of antibodies (secondary response)
- rapid (1-2 days) (short latency period)
- IgG antibody is produced and persists in the system for months to years
- strong response
- high titer
protects from the disease possibly more than once
the virus in the vaccine is too _______ to cause disease but _________ ___________ to stimulate a primary immune response
weak
strong enough
anamnestic response
- accelerated response of antibody production
- is seen when an antigen that the body has seen before is injected into the animal
- this is because the B lymphocytes remember the antigen and produce more antibodies than the first time
hyperimmunization
maximum antibody response to an antigen
is achieved by repeated injections of antigen over a period of time
immunoglobulins (Ig)
the group of antibodies produced because of antigen stimulation
electrophoresis
separates the various immunoglobulin components
- put the immunoglobulin into an electric field and the proteins will move (at different rates) and will separate by weight